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. 2020 Sep 29;20:253. doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-01139-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Sevoflurane modulates breast cancer cell survival in a dose- and time-dependent manner. a, b, c Dose-dependence relationships of sevoflurane exposure on breast cancer survival in vitro. d, e, f Time-dependence relationships of sevoflurane exposure on breast cancer cell survival in vitro. Exposure to sevoflurane at clinically relevant concentrations of 2 and 4% for 6 h significantly promoted breast cancer survival in normal breast cells (MCF10A) along with estrogen receptor-positive (MCF7) and estrogen receptor-negative (MDA-MB-436) breast adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with 4% sevoflurane produced a statistically significant increase in cell survival after 3 h in both breast cancer cell types. Exposure to low-dose sevoflurane (1%) for an extended duration of 24 h also increased survival when compared to treatment for 3 and 6 h for the breast adenocarcinoma lines. Paradoxically, extreme exposure to 4% sevoflurane for 24 h reduced cell survival in all cell lines. All data are expressed as means ± SD from at least three separate experiments in duplicate or triplicate and analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison tests. * P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001