Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study population
| Community children (CC) | Severe Malaria (n = 1078) | P value Combined CC vs. Severe Malaria | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort #1 (n = 172) | Cohort #2 (n = 117) | Combined (n = 289) | |||
| Enrollment years | 2008–2013 | 2014–2017 | 2008–2017 | 2008–2017 | – |
| Age, years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.01 (2.03) | 2.22 (1.02) | 3.28 (1.91) | 2.83 (1.62) | 0.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | 3.59 (2.61, 4.62) | 2.21 (1.39, 3.09) | 3.00 (2.06, 3.92) | 2.50 (1.75, 3.47) | |
| Min, Max | 1.55, 11.44 | 0.53, 3.96 | 0.53, 11.44 | 0.46, 11.69 | |
| Age category, n(%) | |||||
| < 1 | 0 (0.0) | 18 (15.4) | 18 (6.2) | 74 (6.9) | 0.001 |
| 1- < 2 | 11 (6.4) | 35 (29.9) | 46 (15.9) | 296 (27.5) | |
| 2–5 | 128 (74.4) | 64 (54.7) | 192 (66.4) | 609 (56.5) | |
| > 5 | 33 (19.2) | 0 (0.0) | 33 (11.4) | 99 (9.2) | |
| Sex, % F | 94 (54.7) | 55 (47.0) | 149 (51.2) | 455 (42.2) | 0.004 |
| Height, cm | 96.6 (13.6) | 83.7 (10.4) | 91.4 (13.9) | 88.8 (12.8) | 0.0032 |
| Weight, kg | 14.7 (4.4) | 11.6 (2.6) | 13.5 (4.1) | 12.0 (3.6) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 15.6 (1.7) | 16.5 (1.7) | 15.9 (1.7) | 15.1 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Weight-for-agea | −0.82 (0.98) | − 0.47 (1.08) | − 0.68 (1.04) | −1.10 (1.10) | < 0.0001 |
| Underweighta n (%) | 21 (12.5) | 9 (7.7) | 30 (10.5) | 209 (19.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Height-for-ageb | −1.25 (1.13) | −1.26 (1.34) | − 1.25 (1.22) | −1.17 (1.35) | 0.3602 |
| Stunted, n (%) | 43 (25.0) | 36 (30.8) | 79 (27.3) | 259 (24.1) | 0.250 |
| Weight-for-height < 5c | −0.15 (1.25) | 0.30 (1.02) | 0.05 (1.17) | −0.65 (1.32) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI-for-age > 5d | −0.30 (0.84) | – | −0.30 (0.84) | − 0.80 (1.43) | 0.0635 |
| Wasted, n (%)e | 8 (4.7) | 3 (2.6) | 11 (3.8) | 156 (14.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP | 94.1 (10.2) | 98.5 (11.7) | 95.9 (11.1) | 95.9 (13.0) | 0.9164 |
| Diastolic BP | 60.9 (10.6) | 59.1 (9.8) | 60.2 (10.4) | 56.9 (12.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Enrollment SCr | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.48 (0.48) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | 0.30 (0.24, 0.35) | 0.25 (0.20, 0.30) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | 0.38 (0.29, 0.49) | |
| Min, Maxa | 0.19, 0.56 | 0.19, 0.46 | 0.19, 1.0 | 0.19, 7.3 | |
| Enrollment eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2 | 136.4 (29.3) | 137.7 (30.5) | 136.9 (29.8) | 99.5 (38.2) | < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Undernutrition (weight-for-age z score < −2), stunted (height-for-age z score < −2), wasted (weight-for-height or bmi-for-age z score < −2) according to WHO 2006 (age 0–5 years) and 2007 (5–12 years) reference standards
aWeight-for-age z scores available for children < 10 years (Cohort #1, CC n = 168, SM n = 476; Cohort #2, CC n = 117, SM n = 591; Combined, CC n = 285; SM, n = 1067)
bHeight-for-age z scores (Cohort #1, CC n = 168, SM n = 479; Cohort #2, CC n = 117, SM n = 598; Combined, CC n = 289; SM, n = 1077)
cWeight-for-height z scores available for children < 5 years (Cohort #1, CC n = 139, SM n = 388; Cohort #2, CC n = 117, SM n = 591; Combined, CC n = 256; SM, n = 979)
dBMI-for-age z scores available for children ≥5 years of age (Cohort #1, CC n = 33, SM = 91; Cohort #2, CC n = 0, SM n = 0; Combined, CC n = 33; SM, n = 91)
eWasted (Cohort #1, CC n = 172, SM = 479; Cohort #2, CC n = 117, SM n = 591; Combined, CC n = 289; SM, n = 1070)