Table 3.
Associations with psychological distress in both sexes
| Variable | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age in years | ||||
| 13 or less | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 14–15 | 1.46 (1.19, 1.79) | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.07, 1.89) | 0.016 |
| 16 or more | 2.26 (1.89, 2.71) | < 0.001 | 2.29 (1.73, 3.03) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Male | 0.53 (0.45, 0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.23, 0.40) | < 0.001 |
| Social distress | ||||
| No close friends | 2.53 (0.25, 3.24) | < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.44, 2.73) | < 0.001 |
| Bullied in past month | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 or 2 days | 2.22 (1.87, 2.62) | < 0.001 | 1.95 (1.58, 2.40) | < 0.001 |
| 3–30 days | 4.70 (3.70, 5.98) | < 0.001 | 2.92 (2.16, 3.94) | < 0.001 |
| Physically attacked in past year | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 1.89 (1.51, 2.37) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.08, 2.00) | 0.015 |
| 2 or more times | 2.63 (2.13, 3.23) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.72, 1.46) | 0.987 |
| In physical fight in past year | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.989 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.60) | 0.232 |
| 2 or more times | 1.66 (1.34, 2.04) | < 0.001 | 1.89 (1.34, 2.67) | < 0.001 |
| Social-environmental factors | ||||
| Mostly/always feeling hungry | 2.30 (1.78, 2.98) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.07, 2.08) | 0.019 |
| Low peer support | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.098 |
| Parental emotional neglect | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) | 0.003 | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75) | 0.014 |
| Parents never check home work | 1.27 (1.02, 1.58) | 0.031 | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 0.326 |
| Parents disrespect privacy | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) | 0.006 | 1.33 (1.01, 1.77) | 0.045 |
| Passive smoking in past week | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1–6 days | 1.18 (1.04, 1.33) | 0.010 | 0.89 (0.67, 1.17) | 0.388 |
| All 7 days | 2.17 (1.78, 2.64) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.82, 1.71) | 0.362 |
| School truancy (past month) | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1–2 days | 1.49 (1.28, 1.74) | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74) | 0.009 |
| 3 or more days | 2.35 (1.81, 3.04) | < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.23, 2.83) | 0.004 |
| Health risk behaviours | ||||
| Current tobacco use | 1.67 (1.34, 2.07) | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.098 |
| Current cannabis use | 2.07 (1.56, 2.74) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.57, 1.61) | 0.877 |
| Ever used amphetamine | 2.34 (1.86, 2.94) | < 0.001 | 1.58 (0.91, 2.75) | 0.100 |
| Leisure time sedentary behaviour/day | ||||
| < 3 h | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 3–4 h | 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) | 0.003 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 0.820 |
| 5–7 h | 1.74 (1.42, 2.14) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.23, 2.30) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 8 h | 2.70 (2.10, 3.46) | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.24, 2.36) | < 0.001 |
| Injury in past 12 months | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 2.00 (1.74, 2.29) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.20, 1.87) | < 0.001 |
| 2 or more times | 3.23 (2.73, 3.82) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.69, 2.93) | < 0.001 |
| Soft drink intake/day | ||||
| 0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | 0692 | 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) | 0.335 |
| 2 | 1.21 (0.91, 1.63) | 0.194 | 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) | 0.756 |
| 3 or more | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | 0.011 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.64) | 0.986 |
| Fast food consumption/week | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.618 | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) | 0.600 |
| 2 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.593 | 0.86, 0.65, 1.13) | 0.282 |
| 3–7 days | 1.52 (1.19, 1.94) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.75, 1.44) | 0.828 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||
| < 1 serving/day | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 or 2 | 0.66 (0.51, 0.86) | 0.003 | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 0.965 |
| 3 or 4 | 0.51 (0.39, 0.67) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.20) | 0.374 |
| 5 or more | 0.55 (0.42, 0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) | 0.499 |
CI Confidence Interval