Table 4.
Associations with psychological distress among males and females
| Variable | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age in years | ||||
| 13 or less | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 14–15 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.29) | 0.321 | 2.12 (1.48, 3.03) | < 0.001 |
| 16 or more | 1.23 (0.75, 2.02) | 0.414 | 3.52 (2.50, 4.95) | < 0.001 |
| Social distress | ||||
| No close friends | 2.88 (1.73, 4.81) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.14, 2.28) | 0.007 |
| Bullied in past month | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 or 2 days | 1.61 (1.08, 2.39) | 0.020 | 2.24 (1.60, 3.15) | < 0.001 |
| 3–30 days | 2.50 (1.63, 3.82) | < 0.001 | 3.41 (2.24, 5.18) | < 0.001 |
| Physically attacked in past year | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 1.64 (1.00, 2.70) | 0.051 | 1.17 (0.73, 1.88) | 0.516 |
| 2 or more times | 1.02 (0.67, 1.57) | 0.921 | 1.19 (0.62, 2.31) | 0.594 |
| In physical fight in past year | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 1.12 (0.77, 1.64) | 0.549 | 1.38 (0.94, 2.03) | 0.099 |
| 2 or more times | 1.98 (1.33, 2.96) | < 0.001 | 1.86 (1.21, 2.87) | 0.005 |
| Social-environmental factors | ||||
| Mostly/always feeling hungry | 2.14 (1.31, 3.48) | 0.002 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.61) | 0.805 |
| Low peer support | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 0.915 | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44) | 0.013 |
| Parental emotional neglect | 1.28 (0.91, 1.81) | 0.404 | 1.43 (0.98, 2.08) | 0.063 |
| Parents never check home work | 1.36 (0.99, 1.86) | 0.057 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.26) | 0.610 |
| Parents disrespect privacy | 1.20 (0.78, 1.85) | 0.404 | 1.32 (0.88, 2.00) | 0.182 |
| Passive smoking in past week | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1–6 days | 0.88 (0.67, 1.14) | 0.329 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.25) | 0.519 |
| All 7 days | 1.15 (0.77, 1.71) | 0.494 | 1.27 (0.76, 2.12) | 0.353 |
| School truancy (past month) | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1–2 days | 1.58 (1.15, 2.17) | 0.006 | 1.28 (0.92, 1.79) | 0.146 |
| 3 or more days | 2.12 (1.28, 3.51) | 0.004 | 2.01 (1.04, 3.89) | 0.039 |
| Health risk behaviours | ||||
| Current tobacco use | 0.81 (0.53, 1.24) | 0.326 | 0.50 (0.19, 1.28) | 0.147 |
| Current cannabis use | 0.94 (0.55, 1.58) | 0.804 | 1.09 (0.30, 3.90) | 0.896 |
| Ever used amphetamine | 1.36 (0.75, 2.47) | 0.303 | 1.96 (0.57, 6.76) | 0.285 |
| Leisure time sedentary behaviour/day | ||||
| < 3 h | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 3–4 h | 0.75 (0.47, 1.19) | 0.214 | 1.26 (0.83, 1.90) | 0.273 |
| 5–7 h | 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) | 0.193 | 2.06 (1.25, 3.41) | 0.005 |
| ≥ 8 h | 1.36 (0.80, 2.31) | 0.250 | 1.91 (1.14, 3.20) | 0.014 |
| Injury in past 12 months | ||||
| 0 times | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 time | 1.55 (1.18, 2.04) | 0.002 | 1.37 (0.95, 1.97) | 0.090 |
| 2 or more times | 1.75 (1.27, 2.42) | < 0.001 | 3.09 (1.73, 5.48) | < 0.001 |
| Soft drink intake/day | ||||
| 0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) | 0.459 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.043 |
| 2 | 1.56 (1.00, 2.45) | 0.050 | 0.63 (0.33, 1.20) | 0.160 |
| 3 or more | 1.13 (0.56, 2.29) | 0.729 | 0.89 (0.52, 1.52) | 0.664 |
| Fast food consumption/week | ||||
| 0 days | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 1.08 (0.72, 1.65) | 0.689 | 0.80 (0.52, 1.22) | 0.293 |
| 2 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | 0.905 | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 0.302 |
| 3–7 days | 0.89 (0.62, 1.27) | 0.515 | 1.13 (0.75, 1.71) | 0.549 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||
| < 1 serving/day | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 or 2 | 1.11 (0.65, 1.91) | 0.705 | 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | 0.573 |
| 3 or 4 | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.852 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.494 |
| 5 or more | 1.16 (0.67, 2.00) | 0.595 | 0.79 (0.51, 1.23) | 0.294 |
CI Confidence Interval