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. 2020 Sep 29;17:285. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01956-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Sex-specific effects of HF diet and AD on plasma levels of diabetes-associated markers and expression of hypothalamic peptides that regulate feeding. a–h Plasma concentrations of diabetes-related markers. Blood was collected following a 5 h fasting period just prior to euthanasia, and assayed for a insulin, b leptin, c ghrelin, d glucagon, e gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), f glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), g plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and h resistin. N = 8/group for all plasma markers. i–n Gene expression levels in homogenate of the whole hypothalamus related to energy balance. Hypothalamus was collected following a 5 h fasting period just prior to euthanasia, and assayed for i neuropeptide Y (NPY), j agouti-related peptide (AgRP), k pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), l leptin receptor (LepR), m melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4), n fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). N = 5–8/group for all gene expression analyses in the hypothalamus. * = diet effect p < 0.05; ** = diet effect p < 0.01; ^ = AD effect p < 0.05; ^^ = AD effect p < 0.01