Table 2.
Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Mortality for Urban-Rural Residence, CLHLS 2002–2014
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V | Model VI | Model VII | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban (rural) | 0.89** | 0.97 | 0.89** | 0.91** | 0.90** | 0.92* | 0.96 |
| Demographic Background | |||||||
| Age | 1.10*** | 1.09*** | 1.09*** | 1.09*** | 1.08*** | 1.07*** | 1.07*** |
| Male | 1.31*** | 1.45*** | 1.37*** | 1.30*** | 1.45*** | 1.45*** | 1.51*** |
| Han (non-Han) | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.87* | 0.88* | 0.89* |
| Socioeconomic Factors | |||||||
| 1–6 years of schooling (0) | 0.93+ | 0.98 | |||||
| 7+ years of schooling (0) | 0.82** | 0.90+ | |||||
| Economic independence (no) | 0.75*** | 0.81*** | |||||
| White collar occupation (no) | 1.11* | 1.07 | |||||
| Good family economic condition (no) | 0.97 | 1.01 | |||||
| Adequate access to healthcare (no) | 0.80*** | 0.91+ | |||||
| Family/Social Support | |||||||
| Currently married (no) | 0.88** | 0.91+ | 0.94 | ||||
| Close proximity to children (no) | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary support, child/relative (spouse) | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.04 | ||||
| Primary support, friend (spouse) | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.99 | ||||
| Primary support, other (spouse) | 1.40+ | 1.14 | 1.15 | ||||
| Primary support, nobody (spouse) | 1.45*** | 1.23** | 1.22** | ||||
| Health Behaviors | |||||||
| Leisure activity level, intermediate (low) | 0.59*** | 0.71*** | 0.73*** | ||||
| Leisure activity level, high (low) | 0.47*** | 0.61*** | 0.64*** | ||||
| Currently smoking (no) | 1.07 | 1.08+ | 1.08+ | ||||
| Ever engaged in physical labor (no) | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.96 | ||||
| Health Conditions | |||||||
| IADL disabled (no) | 1.40*** | 1.33*** | 1.30*** | ||||
| ADL disabled (no) | 1.52*** | 1.39*** | 1.39*** | ||||
| Cognitively impaired (no) | 1.36*** | 1.26*** | 1.25*** | ||||
| Has 1+ chronic disease (no) | 1.09* | 1.10** | 1.10** | ||||
| Survey Year | |||||||
| Wave 2005 (2002) | 0.82*** | 0.84*** | 0.83*** | 0.81*** | 0.84*** | 0.83*** | 0.84*** |
| Wave 2008 (2002) | 0.60*** | 0.61*** | 0.60*** | 0.58*** | 0.60*** | 0.60*** | 0.60*** |
| Wave 2011 (2002) | 0.30*** | 0.31*** | 0.30*** | 0.29*** | 0.31*** | 0.31*** | 0.31*** |
| Df | 7 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 21 | 27 |
| Wald test χ2 value | 2423.6*** | 2436/3*** | 2522.4*** | 2921.7*** | 3031.3*** | 3377.1*** | 3388.6*** |
| Wald test χ2 value fort models vs. Model I a | – | 95.1*** | 54.1*** | 258.9*** | 349.1*** | 508.6*** | 538.4*** |
| Wald test χ2 value for Model VII vs. models b | 538.4*** | 433.5*** | 477.8*** | 274.6*** | 159.8*** | 34.7*** | – |
Note: (1) Reference group indicated in parentheses. (2) a, A Wald test for a given model whether the inclusion of new variables significantly improve the goodness of fit compared to Model I; (3) b, A Wald test for Model VII compared to each of other models. (4) + p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001