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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 23.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Lett. 2020 Mar 9;725:134892. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134892

Fig. 3: Examination of depression-like behavior:

Fig. 3:

Total immobility time in the Forced swim test (FST) was used to examine depression-like behavior in rats. Group designations: rats not subjected to social defeat (CON: control); rats subjected to social defeat (SD); rats treated with propranolol alone (Prop), rats treated with propranolol and then subjected to SD (Prop-SD), rats treated with nadolol (NAD), rats treated with nadolol and then subjected to SD (NAD-SD), rats treated with bisoprolol (BIS), rats treated with bisoprolol and then subjected to SD (BIS-SD). (*) Indicates significantly different from CON, P<0.05. (#) Indicates significantly different from SD P<0.05. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA for comparison between all the groups, and t-tailed t test for comparison between each two groups. Bars represent means ± SEM, n =8–12 rats/group.