Bars represent the time the rats spent interacting with the novel rat or with the empty cup in seconds (sec) ± SEM. Group designations: rats not subjected to social defeat (CON: control); rats subjected to social defeat (SD); rats treated with propranolol alone (Prop), rats treated with propranolol and then subjected to SD (Prop-SD), rats treated with nadolol (NAD), rats treated with nadolol and then subjected to SD (NAD-SD), rats treated with bisoprolol (BIS), rats treated with bisoprolol and then subjected to SD (BIS-SD). (*) Indicates significantly different from CON, P<0.05. (#) Indicates significantly different than from SD, P<0.05. ($) Indicates significantly different from Prop, NAD or BIS, P<0.05. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA test. Bars represent means ± SEM, n =8–12 rats/group.