Table 1.
Variables, Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics.
| Variable | Description | Data Sources | Mean (SD)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Variables | |||
| Trip reduction to groceries/pharmacies (each day) | Google1 | Varies by day | |
| Trip reduction to parks (each day) | Google1 | Varies by day | |
| Trip reduction to transit stations (each day) | Google1 | Varies by day | |
| Independent Variables Level 1 (Day Level) | |||
| Days since shelter-in-place order issuance | New York Times2 | 15.05 (9.49) | |
| Independent Variables Level 2 (County Level) | |||
| ln of metropolitan population (in 10,000 s) | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 13.66 (1.43) | |
| % of population with college degree or higher | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 39.36 (10.14) | |
| % of male population | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 49.35 (1.30) | |
| % of population aged 65 or over | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 15.79 (3.65) | |
| % of active commuters (bike + walk) | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 2.62 (2.10) | |
| % of working age population | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 65.44(2.76) | |
| % of children | ACS 2018 (5-year estimates)3 | 22.96 (4.02) | |
| % of working population in health occupation | ACS 2016 (5-year estimates)3 | 6.24 (1.35) | |
| % of households below the poverty level | ACS 2016 (5-year estimates)3 | 12.67 (4.42) | |
| % of Trump voters in the 2016 presidential election | MIT Election Lab4 | 54.35 (15.09) | |
| % voted in 2016 presidential election | MIT Election Lab4 | 44.59 (7.41) | |
| # of violent crime offenses (per 100,000 population) | RWJF 20205 | 334.67 (212.10) | |
| # of open parks (per 10,000 population) | ParkServe® Dataset (2019)6 | 3.98 (2.82) | |
| County Compactness Index | Ewing & Hamidi (2014)7 | 106.27 (18.35) | |
| Avg. VMT (per 10,000 population) | Streetlight (January 2020)8 | 4392.23(1715.53) | |
| # of grocery stores per Sq. Mile. | Esri Retail MarketPlace (2018)9 | 0.24 (0.77) | |
| Unemployment rate changes between Mar. & Feb. 2020 | Bureau of Labor Statistics10 | 14.36 (19.54) | |
1 https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/ accessed May 7, 2020
2 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-shelter-in-place-order.html accessed May 7, 2020
3 American Community Survey 2018 (5-year estimate). https://data.census.gov/cedsci/deeplinks?url=https://factfinder.census.gov/
4 Retrieved from: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:https://doi.org//10.7910/DVN/42MVDX
5 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2020), County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/utah/2020
6 The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved from: https://www.tpl.org/parkserve/downloads
7 Ewing and Hamidi (2014). Measuring Urban Sprawl and Validating Sprawl Measures https://gis.cancer.gov/tools/urban-sprawl/
9 Retrieved https://www.ers.usda.gov/foodatlas/