Table 2.
Results of GEE models testing the country by wave interaction effect for outcomes measures relating to pack/brand appeal, salience of HWLs and perceptions of relative harm of different brands among respondents of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys
| Perceptions of pack and brand appeal |
Perceptions of salience of HWLs |
Perceptions of harm/harshness of brands |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Do not like the look of the pack at all vs. otherwise No. of observations: 16 949aNo. of individuals: 13 434baOR (95% CI)c | Quality of their cigs is high/very high vs. otherwise No. of observations: 16 973aNo. of individuals: 13 449baOR (95% CI)c | Brands differ at least a little in prestige vs. otherwise No. of observations: 16 970aNo. of individuals: 13 445baOR (95% CI)c | Notices HWLs first vs. otherwise No. of observations: 17 637aNo. of individuals: 13 992baOR (95% CI)c | Their own brand is no different in harm, compared to other brands vs. otherwise No. of observations: 16 969aNo. of individuals: 13 446baOR (95% CI)c | Their own brand is no different in harshness, compared to other brands vs. otherwise No. of observations: 16 972aNo. of individuals: 13 447baOR (95% CI)c | |
| Changes over time by country interactiond | ||||||
| England vs. Romania | 6.06 (4.21–8.73) | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) | 1.38 (0.87–2.20) | 1.74 (1.21–2.50) | 1.42 (1.06–1.90) | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) |
| England vs. Spain | 9.45 (6.43–13.89) | 0.98 (0.72–1.31) | 0.76 (0.38–1.52) | 3.17 (2.19–4.57) | 0.81 (0.47–1.41) | 0.53 (0.36–0.77) |
| England vs. Poland | 2.31 (1.31–4.07) | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 0.98 (0.47–2.03) | 2.09 (1.39–3.14) | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | 1.46 (1.04–2.05) |
| England vs. Hungary | 2.37 (1.37–4.10) | 1.16 (0.79–1.69) | 1.47 (0.64–3.35) | 1.82 (1.25–2.66) | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.96 (0.68–1.34) |
| England vs. Greece | 4.95 (2.83–8.69) | 1.36 (0.98–1.89) | 0.83 (0.52–1.33) | 2.34 (1.26–4.36) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) |
| England vs. Germany | 4.50 (3.05–6.67) | 1.36 (0.94–1.97) | 0.91 (0.63–1.32) | 4.04 (2.70–6.03) | 1.31 (0.91–1.88) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) |
Number of observations refers to the total number of observations each respondent contributes to the model.
Number of individuals refers to the number of unique respondents present in the model.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Estimates shown in bold type are significant at P<0.05.
The interaction effect between country and wave examines changes over time in key appeal, salience and harm perception-related outcome measures, comparing England (which introduced standardized packaging regulations and larger pictorial HWLs) with the six European countries that each introduced larger pictorial HWLs only. The weighted estimates, shown above, control for gender, age, household income, education, wave of recruitment, nicotine dependence (HSI) and past-year quit attempts.