Table 4.
Prospective associations between descriptive and injunctive EC social norms at Wave 1 and attempts to quit smoking at Wave 2 (n = 3702)
| Makes an attempt to quit between waves |
Associations between predictor variables and making an attempt to quit between Waves (n = 3702) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariable | |||
| n/N | % | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Number of close friends who use ECs | ||||
| At least one | 212/700 | 30.9 | 1.19 (0.93–1.54) | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) |
| None | 752/2703 | 27.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Frequency of seeing EC use in public | ||||
| At least some days | 507/1676 | 30.1 | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) |
| All other responses | 535/2021 | 26.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| General public’s attitude towards ECs | ||||
| Approves | 284/989 | 27.5 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) |
| Does not approve | 761/2711 | 28.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Number of close friends who smoke | ||||
| Three or more | 479/1895 | 24.9 | 0.70 (0.57–0.85) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) |
| Two or fewer | 489/1527 | 32.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| General public’s attitude towards smoking | ||||
| Approves | 104/416 | 24.4 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.91 (0.64–1.28) |
| Does not approve | 941/3285 | 28.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Country | ||||
| Germany | 91/452 | 18.5 | 0.44 (0.32–0.61) | 0.57 (0.38–0.84) |
| Greece | 64/280 | 25.2 | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) |
| Hungary | 51/251 | 18.1 | 0.43 (0.29–0.65) | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) |
| Poland | 85/351 | 27.5 | 0.74 (0.52–1.07) | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) |
| Romania | 121/364 | 29.5 | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) | 1.13 (0.73–1.73) |
| Spain | 175/613 | 27.9 | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) |
| England | 458/1390 | 33.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 545/1857 | 31.1 | 1.28 (1.06–1.56) | 1.20 (0.97–1.48) |
| Male | 500/1844 | 26.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age | ||||
| 25–39 | 262/894 | 30.6 | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 0.81 (0.55–1.21) |
| 40–54 | 336/1291 | 25.2 | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) |
| 55 and over | 335/1206 | 25.7 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) |
| 18–24 | 112/310 | 34.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Annual income | ||||
| Low | 226/861 | 27.9 | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) |
| Moderate | 366/1284 | 29.5 | 0.99 (0.77–1.29) | 1.15 (0.86–1.55) |
| Not stated | 169/662 | 24.4 | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) |
| High | 284/894 | 29.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Low | 340/1342 | 23.7 | 0.61 (0.45–0.83) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) |
| Moderate | 483/1671 | 29.8 | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) |
| High | 217/661 | 33.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intention to quit smoking at W1 | ||||
| Intends to quit | 356/737 | 46.3 | 2.75 (2.17–3.49) | 2.29 (1.77–2.94) |
| Does not intend to quit | 688/2962 | 23.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Use of ECs at W1 | ||||
| Current use | 218/479 | 42.4 | 1.84 (1.43–2.38) | 1.45 (1.03–2.05) |
| No current use | 827/2395 | 26.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Heaviness of Smoking Index a | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | |||
Percentages are based on weighted data. Analysis includes all respondents who completed surveys at both waves and reported that they had heard of ECs at Wave 1. Significant results are shown in bold.
aMean (SD) = 2.30 (1.55) for those who made an attempt to quit between waves, 2.56 (1.54) for those who did not.