FIG 1.

Prevalence of genotypes of interest in pfcrt, pfmdr1, and pfk13 in a cross-sectional community sample in 3 regencies. Genotypes are shown for pfcrt at codons 72 to 76 (A), codons 86/184 of pfmdr1 gene (B), and the pfk13 propeller domain (C) in three study sites in North Sumatera province. Pfcrt haplotypes were identified by multiplex qPCR; pfmdr1 and pfk13 genotypes were established by direct sequencing of PCR products (see Materials and Methods). Denominators are n = 183 (n = 49 for Batubara, n = 39 for Langkat, and n = 95 for South Nias) in panel A, n = 261 (n = 59 for Batubara, n = 57 for Langkat, and n = 145 for South Nias) in panel B, and n = 232 (n = 66 for Batubara, n = 60 for Langkat, and n = 106 for South Nias) in panel C.