TABLE 2.
Summary of Neuropathological Markers Investigated.
| Tau Markers | NCI | MCI-NAP | MCI-AP | AD | Statistical analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total tau (tau 13), ROD (SD) | TBS | 8289.00 (2525) | 9552.00 (2415) | 7721.00 (1595) | 7714.00 (2814) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 0.82; p = 0.49 |
| FA | 42.59 (25.74) | 64.01 (33.68) | 90.10 (64.49) | 107.70 (62.69)b | A;F(groups)3,32 = 3.81; p < 0.05 | |
| SK | 0.32 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.16) | 5.40 (11.35) | 9.84 (10.82) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 3.69; p < 0.05 | |
| Unphosphorylated tau (tau 1), ROD (SD) | TBS | 213.70 (39.52) | 279.50 (70.68) | 244.10 (63.55) | 214.20 (48.81) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.35; p = 0.09 |
| FA | 287.50 (115.2) | 305.50 (161.5) | 396.50 (288.7) | 232.70 (149.8) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.24; p = 0.31 | |
| SK | 22.91 (28.16) | 43.33 (31.93) | 38.42 (37.99) | 70.35 (73) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.85; p = 0.16 | |
| pT231/S235 tau (AT180), ROD (SD) | TBS | 0.30 (0.33) | 0.35 (0.36) | 0.58 (0.42) | 0.85 (1.04) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.53; p = 0.22 |
| FA | 27.76 (21.74) | 78.76 (92.95) | 67.27 (139.4) | 4633.00 (9549) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.70; p = 0.19 | |
| SK | 3.95 (3.78) | 2.14 (2.50) | 87.68 (209) | 177.60 (343.2) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.55; p = 0.22 | |
| pS396/404 tau (PHF1), ROD (SD) | TBS | 0.44 (0.41) | 0.60 (0.32) | 2.64 (3.03) | 3.95 (4.14)b | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.68; p = 0.06 |
| FA | 0.63 (1.85) | 0.12 (0.12) | 10.14 (20.59) | 15.69 (21.65)b | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.53; p = 0.07 | |
| SK | 0.52 (1.50) | 0.20 (0.19) | 4.45 (9.36) | 14.35 (21.43)c | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.73; p = 0.06 | |
| Amyloid markers | NCI | MCI-NAP | MCI-AP | AD | Statistical analysis | |
| Aβ42 (SD) | TBS | 604.10 (785.8) | 53.30 (49.22) | 937.70 (449)d | 1026.00 (687.3)c | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.93 p < 0.05 |
| FA | 742.50 (759.5) | 254.70 (569.3) | 1380.00 (905.1) | 1834.00 (1170)c,e | A;F(groups)3,32 = 5.00; p < 0.01 | |
| Plaque counts (SD) | 5.42 (7.29) | 0.00 (0.00) | 11.50 (6.22) | 19.75 (17.09)b,e | A;F(groups)3,32 = 5.35; p < 0.01 | |
| X11, ROD (SD) | 4.73 (3.22) | 2.11 (0.86) | 2.89 (1.94)d | 2.09 (1.19)c,e | A;F(groups)3,32 = 3.50; p < 0.05 | |
| Synaptic and other markers | NCI | MCI-NAP | MCI-AP | AD | Statistical analysis | |
| Synaptophysin, ROD (SD) | 85.14 (9.31) | 71.30 (9.17) | 72.82 (4.85) | 69.04 (9.61)c | A;F(groups)3,32 = 7.12; p < 0.001 | |
| Septin-3, ROD (SD) | 24.08 (4.61) | 23.00 (6.65) | 23.11 (3.19) | 19.60 (2.42) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 3.10; p < 0.05 | |
| SNAP25, ROD (SD) | 145.10 (22.81) | 122.50 (22.56) | 129.80 (23.86) | 125.10 (28.44) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.71; p = 0.18 | |
| Drebrin, ROD (SD) | 4.57 (3.99) | 3.56 (4.10) | 6.54 (5.83) | 2.41 (2.79) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.54; p = 0.22 | |
| Syntaxin 3, ROD (SD) | 115.00 (22.00) | 97.17 (21.59) | 93.56 (7.12)b | 110.40 (16.08) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 4.78; p < 0.01 | |
| PSD-95, ROD (SD) | 46.87 (17.90) | 40.80 (26.14) | 33.47 (19.16) | 26.09 (11.25)c | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.89; p < 0.05 | |
| ChAT, ROD (SD) | 12.72 (4.91) | 16.97 (9.77) | 15.70 (7.33) | 9.65 (3.83) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 7.04; p < 0.001 | |
| VAChT, ROD (SD) | 14.97 (4.70) | 14.90 (3.40) | 13.40 (3.86) | 12.44 (4.03) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 0.90; p = 0.45 | |
| VILIP-1, ROD (SD) | 78.03 (18.31) | 68.96 (84.97) | 69.90 (13.14) | 65.55 (23.81) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 0.88; p = 0.46 | |
| GSTP1, ROD (SD) | 27.28 (4.94) | 27.65 (2.31) | 37.20 (4.40)b,e | 31.67 (4.65) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 7.77; p < 0.001 | |
| pS403/404 TDP-43, ROD (SD) | 385.54 (120.00) | 475.98 (230.56) | 375.61 (263.62) | 243.00 (112.15) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 2.95; p < 0.05 | |
| SIRT1, ROD (SD) | 6.97 (5.19) | 7.60 (6.70) | 5.15 (2.26) | 3.84 (1.81) | A;F(groups)3,32 = 1.44; p = 0.25 | |
| PAK1/2/3, ROD (SD) | 0.30 (0.11) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.06)c | A;F(groups)3,32 = 3.39; p < 0.05 |
Neuropathological data were generated on coronal sections or immunoblots from the parietal cortex but the diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation. A, ANOVA; AD, Alzheimer disease; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; C, Contingency; FA, formic acid; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase P-1; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MCI-AP, MCI group with amyloid pathology; MCI-NAP, MCI without amyloid pathology group; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; NCI, no cognitive impairment group; PAK, p21-activated kinase; PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein 95; ROD, relative optical density; SD, standard deviation; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SK, sarkosyl; SNAP-25, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa; TBS, tris-buffered saline; TDP-43, transactive response DNA binding protein 43; VAChT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter; VILIP-1, visinin-like protein-1. Values are expressed as mean (SD). Intergroup comparisons:
, p < 0.01 versus NCI;
, p < 0.05 versus NCI;
, p < 0.05 versus MCI-NAP;
, p < 0.01 versus MCI-NAP;
, p < 0.05 versus MCI-NAP.