Table 1. Demographics, medical history, laboratory, and clinical findings of patients with COVID-19 upon admission.
| Variable | Total, n = 664 | Death within 14 days of admission | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, n = 571 | Yes, n = 93 | |||
| Age, years | 64±17 | 62±16 | 80±12 | <0.001 |
| Male | 415(63) | 357(63) | 58(62) | 0.977 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.008 | |||
| White/Caucasian | 217(44) | 183(43) | 34(50) | |
| Black/African-American | 73(15) | 64(15) | 9(13) | |
| Asian | 68(14) | 52(12) | 16(24) | |
| Other | 134(27) | 125(29) | 9(13) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal | 148(31) | 120(29) | 28(43) | 0.084 |
| Underweight | 18(4) | 14(3) | 4(6) | |
| Overweight | 142(30) | 124(30) | 18(28) | |
| Obese | 139(29) | 127(31) | 12(18) | |
| Morbidly obese | 32(7) | 29(7) | 3(5) | |
| Pre-existing comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 377(57) | 309(54) | 68(73) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 206(31) | 174(30) | 32(34) | 0.447 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 92(14) | 69(12) | 23(25) | 0.001 |
| Cardio-vascular disease | 135(20) | 98(17) | 37(40) | <0.001 |
| COPD/Asthma | 81(12) | 69(12) | 12(13) | 0.823 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 27(4) | 23(4) | 4(4) | 0.902 |
| VTE | 54(8) | 43(8) | 11(12) | 0.163 |
| Cancer | 78(12) | 62(11) | 16(17) | 0.081 |
| IBD | 8(1) | 7(1) | 1(1) | 0.902 |
| Chronic liver disease | 20(3) | 18(3) | 2(2) | 0.602 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 20(3) | 18(3) | 2(2) | 0.602 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| fever | 170(26) | 153(27) | 17(18) | 0.082 |
| Respiratory rate | 21±6 | 21±5 | 24±7 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate | 94±19 | 94±19 | 92±19 | 0.450 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 93±14 | 94±14 | 89±15 | 0.001 |
| Hypoxia on presentation | <0.001 | |||
| No | 248(37) | 228(40) | 20(22) | |
| Moderate | 223(34) | 196(34) | 27(29) | |
| severe | 193(29) | 147(26) | 46(49) | |
| Kidney dysfunction** | 93(14) | 62(11) | 31(33) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.6±3.1 | 1.5±3.1 | 2.3±2.3 | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count, x10^3 | 7.7±6.6 | 7.6±6.8 | 8.0±4.6 | 0.673 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count,x10^3 | 1.1±2.1 | 1.1±2.2 | 0.8±0.6 | 0.053 |
| Absolute neutrophil count, x10^3 | 7±9.2 | 6.7±9.0 | 8.3±10.6 | 0.056 |
| Platelet count, x10^3 | 218±99 | 223±100 | 188±92 | 0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.9±4.3 | 0.7±3.1 | 1.9±8.4 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1736±4600 | 1495±4321 | 3222±5874 | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein, mg/dL | 15±13 | 15±14 | 17±10 | 0.015 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 475±302 | 450±220 | 633±578 | <0.001 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.9±1.5 | 1.7±1.1 | 2.7±2.6 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 1273±1780 | 1107±1215 | 2265±3501 | 0.001 |
| Troponin I, ng/mL | 0.2±0.9 | 0.1±0.8 | 0.5±1.4 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.3±0.6 | 3.3±0.7 | 3.2±0.6 | 0.225 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7±0.5 | 0.7±0.5 | 0.7±0.5 | 0.516 |
| ALT, U/L | 49±53 | 49±51 | 46±61 | 0.021 |
| AST, U/L | 61±76 | 56±54 | 90±151 | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 90±78 | 90±83 | 85±46 | 0.461 |
^Data are mean ± SD, or n(%).
*P-values are from a univariable logistic regression model with 14-day mortality as the outcome. The continuous variables are transformed by natural logarithm before used in regression. VTE: venous thromboembolism; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time.
**Kidney dysfunction, defined as serum creatinine at admission ≥ 2 mg/dL