Table 1. Exemplary quotes of internalized, experienced, and anticipated stigma from ART clinic patients in Vietnam (n = 30) with associated domains and alcohol abstinence stigma scale items.

	Exemplary Quotes	Survey Item
Internalized Stigma
	Fellows give a toast. If I cannot drink I feel ashamed	I feel ashamed when I decline to drink.
	Q: Did you feel uneasy for not drinking with friends?	I feel embarrassed when I decline to drink.
	A: Yes, I did.
Experienced Stigma
	If I quit drinking successfully, I would just stay alone!	I become isolated from my family when I do not drink.
	It means, if friends offer alcohol to you, but you don't join, they may think that you disregard them
	It makes friends feel closer to one another. Inviting friends to go out and drink once in a while will make us feel closer to each other, and we will find it easier to say the things that we normally cannot.	I become isolated from my friends when I do not drink.
Anticipated Stigma
	I’m afraid that I cannot quit as there are banquets or anniversaries in which drinking is a part	I feel forced to drink at celebrations, such as a wedding or funerals
	When men from other table say that they want to toast for our health (a group of women), how can we refuse?
	You see, when I have guests or when I am invited by my friends, I drink li\le. I mainly drink on my family’s occasions. For instance, at the weddings of my kindred families, I drink much because my cousins, my aunts, my uncles and my descendants want me to drink with them.
	Yes, mocking (laughing), such as: “Are you afraid of your wife” or “do you feel sorry to spend money on this” … they try to find any reason to force their friends drinking.	I am mocked when I do not drink.
	To be frank, if I totally stop drinking I have to do the following. If I could stop drinking from now on, I have to stop working, will not meet and exchange with friends and I just do family work not drinking “prevents my work”	My business relationships will suffer if I stop drinking.