Table 3. Comparison of alcohol abstinence stigma scale mean scores among ART clinic patients in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam.

Scale Item	Total Study Population	Non-Hazardous Alcohol Use	Hazardous Alcohol Use	Harmful Alcohol Use	Alcohol Dependence
	(n = 1362)	(n = 838)	(n = 380)	(n = 70)	(n = 74)
	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)
Total Score (out of 28)	2.74	1.70	3.81**	5.19**	6.70**
	(4.28)	(3.19)	(5.04)	(5.46)	(4.92)
I feel ashamed when I decline to drink.	0.48	0.26	0.71**	0.93**	1.42**
	(1.10)	(0.84)	(1.28)	(1.32)	(1.55)
I feel embarrassed when I decline to drink.	0.41	0.22	0.59**	0.81**	1.28**
	(1.02)	(0.77)	(1.19)	(1.31)	(1.51)
I become isolated from my family when I do not drink.	0.07	0.04	0.12**	0.17**	0.11**
	(0.42)	(0.31)	(0.54)	(0.68)	(0.42)
I become isolated from my friends when I do not drink.	0.13	0.10	0.16	0.24*	0.30**
	(0.57)	(0.50)	(0.65)	(0.77)	(0.74)
I am mocked when I do not drink.	0.51	0.31	0.73**	1.00**	1.16**
	(1.09)	(0.83)	(1.29)	(1.46)	(1.49)
I feel forced to drink at celebrations such as birthdays or weddings.	0.79	0.58	1.01**	1.20**	1.61**
	(1.29	(1.09)	(1.46)	(1.46)	(1.65)
My business relationships will suffer if I stop drinking	0.34	0.19	0.49**	0.83**	0.82**
	(0.93)	(0.68)	(1.09)	(1.41)	(1.37)

*One-sided Wilcoxon two-sample test <0.05 with ‘yes’ as referent group.

**One-sided Wilcoxon two-sample test <0.01 with ‘yes’ as referent group.