VACV with epitopes tagged to lateral body protein F17 is attenuated in culture and elicits strong CD8+ T cell responses as an HI vaccine. (A) Diagram of antigen construct tagged to the N terminus of A3L or F17R indicating the position of the insertion in the genome (shown as HindIII map). (B and C) Plaque size (B) and growth (C) in cultures of rWR-A3(2), rWR-F17, and nonrecombinant WR. *, P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA and Dunn’s multiple-comparison test; others ns). (D) CD8+ T cell responses 7 days after immunization of mice with live and HI rWR-A3(2) and rWR-F17. The data are mean+SEM of 9 mice from 3 experiments; *P < 0.05 two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. (E) CD8+ T cell responses 7 days after immunization of mice with live rWR-F17 or the same virus inactivated with heat (HI), H2O2 or paraformaldehyde (PFA). The data are from 10–12 mice. *, P < 0.05 (calculated as for panel C against values from mice immunized with live virus; other values are not significant).