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. 2020 Jun 9;11(5):1385–1404. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1758290

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and G9-1 on the mucus layer. Male C57BL/6JJcl mice (2–4) were housed in each cage. (a) Relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacteria in the jejunum of mice in the different treatment groups (n = 6–8 per group) at week 9. (b) Protocol used for the gnotobiotic trial. Germ-free male C57BL/6NJc1 mice were housed in a germ-free environment (n = 8 for each group). Six-week-old mice were fed a 60% fructose diet and divided into four treatment groups. On the first day, the mice received either A. muciniphila or Lactobacillus reuteri orally. From the second day, omeprazole was administered intraperitoneally every day. G9-1 was administered orally to the Akk+G9-1 group from the second day until the end of the study. (c) Small intestinal permeability in gnotobiotic mice (n = 8 for each group). (d) Protocol of the experiment used to investigate the effect of A. muciniphila on the small intestine injury. A 60% fructose diet was fed to six-week-old mice for 9 weeks, and divided into six treatment groups. Either omeprazole, A. muciniphila, or vehicle was administered once daily during the treatment period. G9-1 or vehicle was administered orally for 1 week before sacrifice. ASA or vehicle was administered orally 3 h before sacrifice. (e) Thicknesses of the mucus layer in the jejunum (left) and rates of mucus layers with thicknesses less than 1 μm (right). ImageJ was used to measure the thickness of the mucus layer, and samples were measured using approximately 124 points per sample (n = 5–6 per group). (f) PAS staining of the top of villi in the jejunum of mice in the different treatment groups. Scale bars = 10 μm. The arrows indicate the mucus layer. (g) The number of goblet cells in the jejunum of mice in the different treatment groups (n = 5–6 per group). Scale bars = 100 μm. Arrows indicate goblet cells. (h) Expression levels of Tff3 in the jejunum (n = 8–12 per group). Data are means ± SEM. *p < .05, **p < .01, Steel-Dwass test (a, e, g), or Tukey–Kramer test (c, h). Akk, Akkermansia muciniphila.