Figure 1.

Schema of the experimental design (a) including Candida administration and Lactobacilli treatment is demonstrated. In parallel, a cross-sectional analysis demonstrated serum endotoxin (a), serum (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (BG) (b), serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (c) in healthy volunteers and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of several endoscopic disease activities (number of cases indicated in figure) are demonstrated. The difference among groups was determined by ANOVA with Tukey’s analysis. **, p < .01; #, p < .001.