Comparison between coinfected (red), HIV-monoinfected (orange), and uninfected (green) groups. (a to c) Full groups. (d to f) MSM subgroups. (a and d) Between-group alpha (Shannon index) diversity compared to the uninfected group, compared using Kruskal-Wallis test; (b and e) between-group unweighted UniFrac distances of microbiome profiles, compared to the uninfected group, compared using pairwise PERMANOVA; (C and f) between-group Bray-Curtis distances of metabolomic profiles compared to the uninfected group, compared using pairwise PERMANOVA. The false discovery rate (FDR) was controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.