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. 2020 Sep 30;15(9):e0238303. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238303

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© 2020 Goncu et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 8 — Hypogymnia tubulosa (HT); Annexin V/7’AAD staining flow cytometry results (scatterplots), statistical analysis (bar graphs), ±SD changes between experiments (tables) and protein levels of PCNA, caspase-3 and PARP by western blot (right panel) on PC-3 cells with three different extraction of acetone (results compiled in A), ethanol (results compiled in B) and methanol (results compiled in C) respectively. Annexin V/7’AAD staining by flow cytometry of HT on PC-3 cells was shown to induce apoptotic cell death by mainly early apoptosis. The gating was adjusted according to the untreated sample and the representative scatterplots were presented as the percentage of cells that were viable (Ann-V⁻ and 7-AAD⁻), early apoptotic (Ann-V⁺ and 7-AAD⁻), late apoptotic (Ann-V⁺ and 7-AAD⁻), and dead (Ann-V⁻ and 7-AAD⁺). Scatterplots are shown for untreated, 100 μg/mL, 12.5 μg/mL and 1.56 μg/mL after 72 hours treatment with acetone extract (A) and ethanol extract (B) as well. For methanol extract treatment, groups are untreated, 100 μg/mL, 12.5 μg/mL and 3.12 μg/mL after 72 hours treatment (C). The 100 μg/mL concentration is determined as toxic dose for all extract group. Results were analyzed and presented as percentage of three independent experiments of live, early apoptotic and total apoptotic after treatment (bar graphs). Flow cytometry was shown to induce apoptotic cell death by mainly early apoptosis. The significance of only early apoptosis for each concentration indicated with an asterisk and the p value was only presented when the significance level of early apoptosis rate is between 0.05 and 0.01. ±SD changes between apoptosis assays were indicated as the mean value and SD changes per concentration and per group of live-early apoptotic-total apoptotic separately (table). Western blot results of proliferating cell marker PCNA and apoptosis-related proteins (right panel) were presented. Dose-dependent PCNA, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP respectively. Remarkably, apoptosis rate significantly increased with the specified concentrations for all extraction and the presented results showed positive correlation with flow cytometry and western blot. In addition, the proliferation did not change significantly when compared with untreated group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001 (all p-values were obtained by two-way ANOVA following Dunnet's multiple comparison test).