Table 3.

Overview of reported disability-related concerns with specific contraceptive methods for adolescent and adult women with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Contraceptive method	Identified areas of concern
Oral contraceptives (OCPs)	Challenges with maintenance of prescribed coursea,h Risk for venous thromboembolismc Possible interference with enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugsd,e
Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)	Regular office visits for injectionb Risk of bone density loss and fracture with long-term useb,i Risk for excessive weight gaina,c
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) including levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) and progesterone implant	Sedation may be requiredh Possible interference with enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugsd,e Challenge with nonverbal patients reporting pain/discomforta Bleeding irregularitiesc
Transdermal contraceptive patch	Concerns about self-removalb,j Possible interaction with enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugsg Risk for venous thromboembolism with long-term usea
Sterilization	Consenth,l Ethical considerationsd,g,k Legal restrictionsf,g

^aAltshuler and Hillard [53]

^bAmesse et al. [35]

^cFouquier et al. [37]

^dKaplan [32]

^eOwens and Honebrink [46]

^fParansky and Zurawin [38]

^gQuint [39]

^hQuint [41]

ⁱWatson et al. [54]

^jHolland-Hall and Quint [43]

^kWalters and Gray [73]

^lWilkinson et al. [79]