Supplementary Table 1.
Coding Definitions for Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions
| Outcome | Coding | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Antidiarrheal agents | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 090 (Antidiarrheal agents) |
Loperamide Diphenoxylate-atropine Bismuth subsalicylate |
| Laxatives | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 095 (Laxatives) |
Senna/senna-based laxatives Bisacodyl PEG 3350 Docusate Lactulose Magnesium citrate |
| Anticholinergic antispasmodics | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 355 (FBD agents) Level 3: 089 (Anticholinergic antispasmodics) |
Atropine Hycosamine Dicyclomine |
| Serotoninergic neuroenteric modulators | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 355 (FBD agents) Level 3: 356 (Serotoninergic neuroenteric modulators) |
Alosetron Tegaserod |
| Chloride channel activators | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 355 (FBD agents) Level 3: 362 (Chloride channel activators) |
Lubiprostone |
| Guanylate cyclase C agonists | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 355 (FBD agents) Level 4: 455 (Guanylate cyclase C agonists) |
Linaclotide |
| Peripheral opioid receptor antagonists | Level 1: 087 (GI agents) Level 2: 355 (FBD agents) Level 3: 375 (Peripheral opioid receptor antagonists) |
Naloxegol |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Level 1: 242 (Psychotherapeutic agents) Level 2: 249 (Antidepressants) Level 3: 209 (Tricyclic antidepressant) |
Amitriptyline Nortriptyline Imipramine |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Level 1: 242 (Psychotherapeutic agents) Level 2: 249 (Antidepressants) Level 3: 208 (SSRI) |
Fluoxetine Sertraline Paroxetine Citalopram Escitalopram |
| Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | Level 1: 242 (Psychotherapeutic agents) Level 2: 249 (Antidepressants) Level 3: 308 (SSNRI) |
Duloxetine Venlafaxine |
| Benzodiazepines | Level 1: 057 (CNS agents) Level 2: 067 (Anxiolytics) Level 3: 069 (Benzodiazepines) |
Lorazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Alprazolam |
| Opioid analgesics | Level 1: 057 (CNS agents) Level 2: 058 (Analgesics) Level 3: 060 (Narcotic analgesics), 191 (Narcotic analgesic combinations) |
Morphine Oxycodone Hydromorphone Fentanyl Tramadol |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories | Level 1: 057 (CNS agents) Level 2: 067 (Anxiolytics) Level 3: 061 (NSAIDs), 278 (COX2 inhibitors) |
Naproxen Ibuprofen Indomethacin Celecoxib |
| Probiotics | Level 1: 218 (Alternative medicines) Level 2: 363 (Probiotics) |
Align BioGaia Colon Health Florastor |
| Bile acid sequestrants | Level 1: 358 (Metabolic agents) Level 2: 019 (Antihyperlipidemic agents) Level 3: 252 (Bile acid sequestrants) |
Cholestyramine Colestid/colestipol |
| Rifaximin | Drug ID: d05294, a11549, 06122 | Rifaximin |
| Diet and nutrition counseling DIETNUTR |
Diet or nutrition education includes any topic related to the foods and/or beverages consumed by the patient. Examples include general dietary guidelines for health promotion and disease prevention, dietary restrictions to treat or control a specific medical problem or condition, and dietary instructions related to medications. Includes referrals to other health professionals, for example, dietitians and nutritionists. | |
| Exercise counseling EXERCISE |
Exercise education includes any topics related to the patient’s physical conditioning or fitness. Examples include information aimed at general health promotion and disease prevention and information given to the patient to treat or control a specific medical condition. It includes referrals to other health and fitness professionals but excludes referrals for physical therapy. | |
| Physical therapy PT |
Physical therapy includes treatments using heat, light, sound, or physical pressure or movement (eg, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, infrared, whirlpool, diathermy, cold, or manipulative therapy). | |
| Weight reduction WTREDUC |
Education on weight reduction refers to information given to the patient to assist in the goal of weight reduction. It includes referrals to other health professionals for the purpose of weight reduction. | |
| Stress management STRESMGT |
Stress management counseling refers to information intended to help patients reduce stress through exercise, biofeedback, yoga, etc. It includes referrals to other health professionals for the purpose of coping with stress. | |
| Mental health counseling MENTAL |
Mental health counseling includes general advice and counseling about mental health issues and education about mental disorders. It includes referrals to other mental health professionals for mental health counseling but excludes psychotherapy. | |
| Psychotherapy PSYCHOTH |
Psychotherapy includes all treatment involving the intentional use of verbal techniques to explore or alter the patient’s emotional life to effect symptom reduction or behavior change. | |
| Complementary and alternative medicine CAM |
CAM includes medical interventions neither widely taught in medical schools nor generally available in physician offices or hospitals (eg, acupuncture, chiropractic, homeopathy, massage, or herbal therapies). | |
CNS, central nervous system; COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; ID, identifier; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.