Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Cohort
| All (N = 1992) | 18–39 (n = 245) | 40–49(n = 270) | 50–59 (n = 384) | 60–69 (n = 499) | 70–79 (n = 358) | 80–89 (n = 178) | >89 (n = 58) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.1 (16.3) | 31.2 (6) | 45.2 (2.9) | 54.9 (2.7) | 64.4 (2.9) | 74.2 (2.9) | 83.8 (2.9) | >89a (NA) | |
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 1128 (56.6) | 130 (53.1) | 175 (64.8) | 223 (58.1) | 294 (58.9) | 195 (54.5) | 86 (48.3) | 25 (43.1) |
| Female | 864 (43.4) | 115 (46.9) | 95 (35.2) | 161 (41.9) | 205 (41.1) | 163 (45.5) | 92 (51.7) | 33 (56.9) | |
| Race,b n (%) | American Indian/Alaska Native | 5 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) |
| Asian | 70 (3.5) | 6 (2.4) | 11 (4.1) | 20 (5.2) | 18 (3.6) | 10 (2.8) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (3.4) | |
| Black/African American | 842 (42.3) | 88 (35.9) | 119 (44.1) | 167 (43.5) | 223 (44.7) | 161 (45.1) | 68 (38.2) | 16 (27.6) | |
| White | 732 (36.8) | 76 (31) | 72 (26.7) | 125 (32.6) | 186 (37.3) | 148 (41.5) | 89 (50) | 36 (62.1) | |
| Multiple | 10 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Unknown | 332 (16.7) | 73 (29.8) | 66 (24.4) | 67 (17.4) | 69 (13.8) | 37 (10.4) | 16 (9) | 4 (6.9) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | Hispanic or Latino | 290 (14.6) | 71 (29) | 67 (24.8) | 52 (13.5) | 51 (10.2) | 28 (7.8) | 16 (9) | 5 (8.6) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 1529 (76.8) | 146 (59.6) | 176 (65.2) | 300 (78.1) | 407 (81.6) | 301 (84.1) | 149 (83.7) | 50 (86.2) | |
| Unknown | 173 (8.7) | 28 (11.4) | 27 (10) | 32 (8.3) | 41 (8.2) | 29 (8.1) | 13 (7.3) | 3 (5.2) | |
| Health care worker, n (%) | Yes | 127 (6.4) | 26 (10.6) | 23 (8.5) | 41 (10.7) | 30 (6) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0) |
| No | 1653 (83) | 187 (76.3) | 212 (78.5) | 287 (74.7) | 410 (82.2) | 328 (91.6) | 172 (96.6) | 57 (98.3) | |
| Unknown | 212 (10.6) | 32 (13.1) | 35 (13) | 56 (14.6) | 59 (11.8) | 27 (7.5) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Prior history | |||||||||
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | Current smoker | 126 (6.3) | 21 (8.6) | 15 (5.6) | 23 (6) | 40 (8) | 20 (5.6) | 7 (3.9) | 0 (0) |
| Ex-smoker | 569 (28.6) | 20 (8.2) | 37 (13.7) | 88 (22.9) | 165 (33.1) | 151 (42.2) | 85 (47.8) | 23 (39.7) | |
| Nonsmoker | 1175 (59) | 195 (79.6) | 201 (74.4) | 253 (65.9) | 269 (53.9) | 161 (45) | 71 (39.9) | 25 (43.1) | |
| Unknown | 122 (6.1) | 9 (3.7) | 17 (6.3) | 20 (5.2) | 25 (5) | 26 (7.3) | 15 (8.4) | 10 (17.2) | |
| Alcoholism, n (%) | Current | 169 (8.5) | 26 (10.6) | 29 (10.7) | 37 (9.6) | 41 (8.2) | 26 (7.3) | 6 (3.4) | 4 (6.9) |
| Prior | 102 (5.1) | 7 (2.9) | 10 (3.7) | 23 (6) | 24 (4.8) | 24 (6.7) | 11 (6.2) | 3 (5.2) | |
| No | 1500 (75.3) | 194 (79.2) | 204 (75.6) | 283 (73.7) | 387 (77.6) | 260 (72.6) | 131 (73.6) | 41 (70.7) | |
| Unknown | 221 (11.1) | 18 (7.3) | 27 (10) | 41 (10.7) | 47 (9.4) | 48 (13.4) | 30 (16.9) | 10 (17.2) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 968 (48.6) | 151 (61.6) | 151 (55.9) | 205 (53.4) | 264 (52.9) | 147 (41.1) | 46 (25.8) | 4 (6.9) | |
| Body mass index,c mean (SD) | 31.5 (8.5) | 35.2 (10.3) | 33.6 (8.9) | 32.5 (9.3) | 31.8 (7.5) | 29.1 (6.2) | 27.1 (6.4) | 23.9 (4.1) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 722 (36.2) | 50 (20.4) | 75 (27.8) | 133 (34.6) | 221 (44.3) | 152 (42.5) | 79 (44.4) | 12 (20.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1245 (62.5) | 55 (22.4) | 121 (44.8) | 223 (58.1) | 362 (72.5) | 280 (78.2) | 156 (87.6) | 48 (82.8) | |
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 435 (21.8) | 12 (4.9) | 14 (5.2) | 55 (14.3) | 135 (27.1) | 117 (32.7) | 74 (41.6) | 28 (48.3) | |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 414 (20.8) | 46 (18.8) | 52 (19.3) | 74 (19.3) | 116 (23.2) | 75 (20.9) | 40 (22.5) | 11 (19) | |
| Active/current malignancy, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, n (%) | 123 (6.2) | 6 (2.4) | 7 (2.6) | 24 (6.3) | 42 (8.4) | 34 (9.5) | 7 (3.9) | 3 (5.2) | |
| Immunocompromised, n (%) | 265 (13.3) | 39 (15.9) | 30 (11.1) | 59 (15.4) | 76 (15.2) | 51 (14.2) | 7 (3.9) | 3 (5.2) | |
| Luminal gastrointestinal disease (nonmalignant), n (%) | 84 (4.2) | 5 (2) | 7 (2.6) | 16 (4.2) | 25 (5) | 22 (6.1) | 8 (4.5) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Pancreaticobiliary disease, n (%) | 56 (2.8) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (3) | 11 (2.9) | 15 (3) | 17 (4.7) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 55 (2.8) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (3) | 14 (3.6) | 17 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0) | |
| COVID-19 symptoms | |||||||||
| Fever (subjective or objective), n (%) | 1537 (77.2) | 209 (85.3) | 222 (82.2) | 303 (78.9) | 390 (78.2) | 254 (70.9) | 122 (68.5) | 37 (63.8) | |
| Cough, n (%) | 1476 (74.1) | 197 (80.4) | 220 (81.5) | 301 (78.4) | 362 (72.5) | 248 (69.3) | 112 (62.9) | 36 (62.1) | |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 1403 (70.4) | 186 (75.9) | 204 (75.6) | 279 (72.7) | 359 (71.9) | 232 (64.8) | 113 (63.5) | 30 (51.7) | |
| Fatigue or subjective weakness, n (%) | 851 (42.7) | 86 (35.1) | 105 (38.9) | 173 (45.1) | 216 (43.3) | 167 (46.6) | 77 (43.3) | 27 (46.6) | |
| Myalgia, n (%) | 580 (29.1) | 97 (39.6) | 111 (41.1) | 127 (33.1) | 141 (28.3) | 73 (20.4) | 24 (13.5) | 7 (12.1) | |
| COVID-19 treatments | |||||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, n (%) | 1036 (52) | 115 (46.9) | 137 (50.7) | 207 (53.9) | 280 (56.1) | 185 (51.7) | 95 (53.4) | 17 (29.3) | |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 109 (5.5) | 13 (5.3) | 20 (7.4) | 21 (5.5) | 37 (7.4) | 9 (2.5) | 7 (3.9) | 2 (3.4) | |
| Convalescent plasma, n (%) | 37 (1.9) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (1.5) | 9 (2.3) | 11 (2.2) | 7 (2) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 240 (12) | 23 (9.4) | 31 (11.5) | 39 (10.2) | 69 (13.8) | 54 (15.1) | 22 (12.4) | 2 (3.4) | |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 109 (5.5) | 19 (7.8) | 16 (5.9) | 25 (6.5) | 32 (6.4) | 9 (2.5) | 7 (3.9) | 1 (1.7) | |
| COVID-19 outcomes | |||||||||
| Hospital length of stay, d, median (IQR) | 9 (4.17) | 6 (3.11) | 7 (4.15) | 8 (4.17) | 11 (5.23) | 10 (6.19) | 10.5 (6.18) | 8 (5.14) | |
| Intensive care unit admission, n (%) | 878 (44.1) | 80 (32.7) | 101 (37.4) | 157 (40.9) | 269 (53.9) | 178 (49.7) | 74 (41.6) | 19 (32.8) | |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 646 (32.4) | 53 (21.6) | 77 (28.5) | 113 (29.4) | 211 (42.3) | 134 (37.4) | 52 (29.2) | 6 (10.3) | |
| Vasopressor support, n (%) | 546 (27.4) | 40 (16.3) | 58 (21.5) | 94 (24.5) | 179 (35.9) | 125 (34.9) | 44 (24.7) | 6 (10.3) | |
| Death, n (%) | 375 (18.8) | 16 (6.5) | 20 (7.4 | 44 (11.5) | 93 (18.6) | 102 (28.5) | 66 (37.1) | 34 (58.6) | |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation.
a
Age was not collected for patients older than 89 years old.
b
There was 1 missing.
c
There were 172 missing.