Supplementary Table 1.
Potential Covariates That Were Considered for the Primary Regression Analysis
| Mechanical ventilation or death (n = 760) | No mechanical ventilation or death (n = 1232) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 64.1 (15.1) | 57.6 (16.5) | <.0001 | |
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 464 (61.1) | 664 (53.9) | .0017 |
| Female | 296 (38.9) | 568 (46.1) | ||
| Race, n (%) | American Indian/Alaska Native | 2 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | .1938 |
| Asian | 35 (4.6) | 35 (2.8) | ||
| Black/African American | 327 (43) | 515 (41.8) | ||
| White | 281 (37) | 451 (36.6) | ||
| Multiple | 3 (0.4) | 7 (0.6) | ||
| Unknown | 112 (14.7) | 220 (17.9) | ||
| Cigarette smoking status, n (%) | Current/ex-smoker | 306 (40.3) | 389 (31.6) | <.0001 |
| Nonsmoker | 383 (50.4) | 792 (64.3) | ||
| Unknown | 71 (9.3) | 51 (4.1) | ||
| Alcoholism, n (%) | Current/prior | 93 (12.2) | 178 (14.4) | <.0001 |
| No | 547 (72) | 953 (77.4) | ||
| Unknown | 120 (15.8) | 101 (8.2) | ||
| Obesity, n (%) | No | 381 (50.1) | 643 (52.2) | .3715 |
| Yes | 379 (49.9) | 589 (47.8) | ||
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 31.8 (8.9) | 31.3 (8.2) | .2681 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | No | 226 (29.7) | 521 (42.3) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 534 (70.3) | 711 (57.7) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | No | 448 (58.9) | 822 (66.7) | .0005 |
| Yes | 312 (41.1) | 410 (33.3) | ||
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | No | 557 (73.3) | 1000 (81.2) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 203 (26.7) | 232 (18.8) | ||
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | No | 591 (77.8) | 987 (80.1) | .2091 |
| Yes | 169 (22.2) | 245 (19.9) | ||
| Immunocompromised, n (%) | No | 645 (84.9) | 1082 (87.8) | .0591 |
| Yes | 115 (15.1) | 150 (12.2) | ||
| Active/current malignancy, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, n (%) | No | 704 (92.6) | 1165 (94.6) | .0821 |
| Yes | 56 (7.4) | 67 (5.4) | ||
| Moderate to severe kidney disease (creatinine >3 mg/dL before admission, end-stage renal disease, or dialysis), n (%) | No | 663 (87.2) | 1141 (92.6) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 97 (12.8) | 91 (7.4) | ||
| Luminal gastrointestinal disease, n (%) | No | 740 (97.4) | 1168 (94.8) | .0057 |
| Yes | 20 (2.6) | 64 (5.2) | ||
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | No | 737 (97) | 1200 (97.4) | .5704 |
| Yes | 23 (3) | 32 (2.6) | ||
| Recent (within 1 month of admission) or current (at admission) ACE or ARB use, n (%) | Yes | 232 (30.5) | 364 (29.5) | .0008 |
| No | 501 (65.9) | 854 (69.3) | ||
| Unknown | 27 (3.6) | 14 (1.1) | ||
| Recent (within 1 month of admission) or current (at admission) NSAIDs use, n (%) | Yes | 190 (25) | 337 (27.4) | .0193 |
| No | 425 (55.9) | 718 (58.3) | ||
| Unknown | 145 (19.1) | 177 (14.4) | ||
| Recent (within 1 month of admission) or current (at admission) PPI or H2 blocker use, n (%) | Yes | 235 (30.9) | 317 (25.7) | <.0001 |
| No | 451 (59.3) | 860 (69.8) | ||
| Unknown | 74 (9.7) | 55 (4.5) | ||
| Recent (within 1 month of admission) or current (at admission) antibiotic use, n (%) | Yes | 241 (31.7) | 346 (28.1) | <.0001 |
| No | 472 (62.1) | 852 (69.2) | ||
| Unknown | 47 (6.2) | 34 (2.8) | ||
ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; H2, Histamine 2; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.