Table 1.
Summary of most relevant findings from recent studies on kidney disease in pSS.
| Author | Patient number | Country | Year | Factors positively associated with kidney disease | Factors inversely associated with kidney disease | Serum and urine biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhao et al. | 483 | China | 2015 | Anti-SSA, RF | ||
| Yang et al. | 103 | China | 2018 | Steroids treatment | ILD, xerostomia, xerophthalmia, hyperIgG | |
| James et al. | 839 | United Kingdom | 2018 | Serum free light chains, β2-microglobulin | ||
| Zeron et al. | 10007 | Worldwide (7,289 Europeans) | 2019 | Asian ethnicity, southern countries, young age at diagnosis | Whites, Hispanics and African Americans; Northern countries, older age at diagnosis | |
| Luo et al. | 434 | China | 2019 | LSGB+, low C3, hypoalbuminemia, anemia | Xerophthalmia, anti-SSA | |
| Luo et al. | 1002 | China | 2019 | Prealbumin, anti-scl-70, RF, ENA, anti-SSB, anti-SM, urea, creatinine, cystatin C, α1-MG, serum β2-microglobulin, anemia, low C3 | Anti-SSA | Combination of serum creatinine and urine α1-MG |
Zhao, Yang, and Luo considered in their analyses the most common clinical and laboratory features which can be altered in pSS. James et al. considered markers of B-cell activation (BAFF, FLC, and β2M). Zeron et al. considered epidemiological factors and latitude in their study.