Table 3.
Overview of insular SEEG literature regarding vascular imaging reference and vascular complications.
| Epilepsy center/study period | Number of patients | Vascular imaging reference | Method | Insular trajectory | Direct vascular related complicationa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grenoble (France) | |||||
| Afif et al. (30) 1998–2005 | 30 | Angiography | Frame-based Robot-assisted | Oblique | One major bleeding after electrode removal not related to insula |
| Blauwblomme et al. (53) 2001–2010 | 17 | Angiography | Frame-based Robot-assisted | Orthogonal Oblique | No vascular complications |
| Gras-Combes et al. (54) 2009–2013 | 6 | Angiography Angiography | Frame-based Robot-assisted Frameless robot-assisted | Orthogonal Oblique | No vascular complications |
| Abel et al. (36) 2013–2017 < 2013 | 17 18 | Angiography Angiography | Frameless Robot-assisted vs. Frame-based robot-assisted | Orthogonal Oblique | 4 minor bleedings not related to insula 2 minor bleeding not related to insula |
| Lyon (France) | |||||
| Isnard et al. (12) 1996–2001 | 50 | Angiography | Conventional Frame-based | Orthogonal | NR |
| Bourdillon et al. (55) 1995–2015 | 459 | Angiography | Conventional Frame-based and Frame-based robot-assisted | Orthogonal | 7 major bleedings not related to insula with conventional frame-based method (1 death) |
| Bourdillon et al. (32) 2012–2015 | 100 | Angiography with O-arm | Conventional frame-based method and Frame-based robot-assisted | Orthogonal | No vascular complications |
| Fondation Rotschild, Paris (France) | |||||
| Dorfmüller et al. (56) Dylgjeri et al. (57) 2009–2012 | 19 10 | MRI Gado | Frameless robot-assisted | Orthogonal Oblique | No vascular complications |
| Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris (France) | |||||
| Mathon et al. (58) 1991–2014 | 157 | MRI Gado (+ TOF Gado) | Conventional Frame-based | NR | 2 minor bleedings 3 major bleedings Not related to insula 1 stroke of the insula (temporal electrode insertion) |
| Montpellier (France) | |||||
| Gil Robles et al. (28) < 2009 | 9 | MRI Gado | Conventional Frame-based | Parasagittal posterior | No vascular complications |
| Strasbourg (France) | |||||
| Ollivier et al. 62 2010–2016 | 66 | MRI Gado | Frameless Robot-assisted | Oblique | 8 minor bleedings 1 major bleeding (Not specified if insular trajectory involved) |
| Nancy (France) | |||||
| Salado et al. (29) 2008–2016 | 99 | MRI Gado (double injection) | Conventional frame-based | Orthogonal (97.3%) Oblique (2.7%) | 6 minor bleedings 1 major bleeding (Not related to insula) |
| Rouen (France) | |||||
| Gilard et al. (48) <2016 | 10 | CTA | Conventional frame-based | NR | No vascular complications |
| Milan (Italy) | |||||
| Cardinale et al. (59) 1996–2018 | 713 | Angiography (+/- with O-arm) | Conventional frame-based Frame-based robot-assisted Frameless robot-assisted since 2016 | NR | 5 major bleedings with conventional frame-based method. 0 major bleeding with robot (Not specified if insular trajectory involved) |
| Roma (Italy) | |||||
| De Benedictis et al. (43) 2011–2016 | 116 | MRI Gado | Frameless robot-assisted | NR | No vascular complications |
| Barcelona (Spain) | |||||
| Candela-Canto et al. (39) 2016–2018 | 14 | CTA (bi-phasic injection) | Frameless robot-assisted | NR | 1 major bleeding not related to insula |
| Vienna (Austria) | |||||
| Desai et al. (25) 2014–2015 | 16 | MRI Gado | Frameless robot-assisted | Oblique | No vascular complications |
| Frankfurt (Germany) | |||||
| Spyrantis et al. (35) 2012–2018 | 19 | MRI Gado | Frameless robot-assisted | NR | No vascular complications |
| Sofia (Bulgary) | |||||
| Minkin et al. (60) 2013-2015 | 34 | MRI Gado (double injection) and MRA | Conventional Frame-based | Orthogonal (75%) Oblique (25%) | 1 minor bleeding |
| Amsterdam (The Netherlands) | |||||
| Verburg et al. (49) | 7 | MRI Gado | Frameless Neuronavigation | NR | 1 major bleeding after electrode removal (Not specified if insular trajectory involved) |
| Maastricht (The Netherlands) | |||||
| van der Loo et al. (50) 2008–2016 | 71 | MRI Gado | Conventional Frame-based | Orthogonal Oblique | 2 major bleedings 4 minor bleedings |
| Great ormond street hospital, London (UK) | |||||
| Sharma et al. (44) 2014–2017 | 14 6 | CTA | Frame-based robot-assisted Frameless Neuronavigation | NR | No vascular complications |
| National hospital for neurology and neurosurgery, London (UK) | |||||
| Nowell et al. (47) <2014 | 22 | CTA and 3D phase contrast MRI | Frameless Neuronavigation | Oblique | 1 minor bleeding (Not specified if insular trajectory involved) |
| London (Canada) | |||||
| Bottan et al. (31) 2017-2018 | 41 | MRI Gado (double injection) | Frame-based robot-assisted | Orthogonal (15.3%) Oblique (82.7%) Parasagittal (2%) | No vascular complications |
| Cleveland (USA) | |||||
| McGovern et al. (61) 2009–2017 | 526 | Angiography MRI Gado alone or + CTA | Conventional frame-based method and frame-based robot-assisted and frameless robot-assisted since 2013 | Orthogonal Oblique | 93 minor bleedingsb 12 major bleedings (9 transient deficit 2 permanent deficits 1 death) |
| Alomar et al. (62) 2009–2013 | 135 with insular trajectories | Angiography (27 patients) MRI Gado + CTA (108 patients) | Conventional frame-based method (27) Frameless robot-assisted (108) | Orthogonal (88.5%) Oblique (11.5%) | 1 minor bleeding not related to insula |
| Lebanon (USA) | |||||
| Desai et al. (27) 2001–2009 | 20 | MRI Gado | Conventional frame-based method | Frontal oblique | No vascular complications |
| Saint Louis (USA) | |||||
| Miller et al. (63) 2016 | 11 | CTA | Frameless robot-assisted | NR | 1 minor bleeding |
| Munt Sinaï; New York (USA) | |||||
| Iordanou et al. (45) <2018 | 25 | MRI Gado | Frameless robot-assisted | Orthogonal Oblique | No vascular complications reported |
CTA, Computed tomographic angiography; Gado, Gadolinium; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; NR, Not reported; TOF, Time of flight.
a
Major bleeding refer to potential fatal or permanent sequelae bleeding or the need for surgical removal.
b
The authors described all form of bleedings including subarachnoid minimal bleedings always excluded from other reports.