TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants included in the study.
| PD-MCI (n = 95) |
HC (n = 99) |
Diagnosis | Gene | Interaction | |||||
| ε2 (n = 21) | ε3 (n = 46) | ε4 (n = 28) | ε2 (n = 31) | ε3 (n = 42) | ε4 (n = 26) | P (F) value | P (F) value | P (F) value | |
| Age | 66.29 ± 12.01 | 65.17 ± 10.80 | 63.83 ± 7.39 | 62.75 ± 10.82 | 62.82 ± 9.97 | 62.38 ± 10.27 | 0.21 (1.59) | 0.87 (0.14) | 0.73 (0.32) |
| Gender (M/F) | 9/12 | 26/20 | 17/11 | 19/12 | 19/23 | 11/15 | 0.58 (0.31) | 0.38 (0.96) | 0.71 (0.35) |
| Education (years) | 13.06 ± 3.61 | 12.78 ± 1.12 | 12.75 ± 3.63 | 13.00 ± 4.52 | 13.71 ± 3.86 | 12.48 ± 4.44 | 0.79 (0.072) | 0.74 (0.30) | 0.69 (0.38) |
| Disease course (years) | 5.76 ± 4.81 | 5.24 ± 2.78 | 6.25 ± 2.17 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| UPDRS | 45.41 ± 17.43 | 43.74 ± 11.57 | 48.42 ± 11.56 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| H-Y stage | 1.79 ± 0.75 | 1.77 ± 0.59 | 1.79 ± 0.43 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| LEDD (mg/day) | 427.84 ± 314.72 | 452.41 ± 310.55 | 437.28 ± 304.81 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| MoCA | 22.94 ± 1.80 | 22.48 ± 1.91 | 21.25 ± 1.74 | 28.50 ± 1.12 | 28.39 ± 1.36 | 28.47 ± 1.40 | 0.0010(39.88)* | 0.12 (2.19) | 0.095 (2.38) |
| TMT-A | 84.35 ± 34.41 | 90.95 ± 39.43 | 83.75 ± 56.71 | 71.83 ± 40.99 | 75.73 ± 33.73 | 82.62 ± 51.77 | 0.20 (1.65) | 0.82 (0.19) | 0.69 (0.37) |
| TMT-B | 185.53 ± 53.06 | 182.91 ± 49.68 | 225.33 ± 43.43 | 168.08 ± 60.49 | 149.55 ± 66.28 | 155.29 ± 63.81 | 0.001(13.87)* | 0.11 (2.20) | 0.20 (2.20) |
| Similarity | 15.82 ± 3.11 | 15.80 ± 4.26 | 13.17 ± 3.05 | 16.25 ± 3.92 | 17.53 ± 4.53 | 16.48 ± 4.04 | 0.020(5.51)* | 0.092 (2.42) | 0.42 (0.86) |
| HVLT-R (Total) | 19.29 ± 5.54 | 19.61 ± 6.05 | 16.75 ± 5.46 | 21.25 ± 8.84 | 22.26 ± 7.91 | 20.05 ± 7.12 | 0.044(4.11)* | 0.21 (1.59) | 0.94 (0.066) |
| HVLT-R (Delayed) | 7.12 ± 2.74 | 7.18 ± 2.93 | 6.75 ± 2.52 | 7.92 ± 2.56 | 7.44 ± 2.65 | 6.90 ± 3.04 | 0.44 (0.60) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.89 (0.12) |
| HVLT-R (Recognition) | 8.53 ± 2.23 | 8.61 ± 2.43 | 7.58 ± 1.98 | 8.42 ± 2.10 | 9.27 ± 2.18 | 8.62 ± 2.52 | 0.22 (1.54) | 0.17 (1.82) | 0.62 (0.48) |
| VFT (semantic) | 13.71 ± 2.89 | 12.76 ± 2.28 | 11.83 ± 2.11 | 15.42 ± 2.81 | 15.53 ± 2.95 | 15.24 ± 2.74 | 0.001(28.26)* | 0.33 (1.10) | 0.47 (0.75) |
| VFT (phonemic) | 7.47 ± 2.12 | 7.64 ± 2.10 | 7.92 ± 2.36 | 9.75 ± 2.45 | 9.77 ± 2.46 | 10.24 ± 2.41 | 0.001(27.36)* | 0.69 (0.374) | 0.97 (0.03) |
| JoLO | 19.71 ± 6.87 | 17.68 ± 6.43 | 17.08 ± 6.34 | 20.41 ± 6.38 | 22.06 ± 5.78 | 20.29 ± 7.26 | 0.021(5.45)* | 0.63 (0.47) | 0.39 (0.96) |
Data were represented as mean ± standard deviation; * indicates a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). PD, Parkinson disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; HC, healthy control; M, male; F, female; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H-Y, Hoehn-Yahr; LEED, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT, Trail Making Test; Similarity, Semantic Similarity Test; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; JoLO, Benton Judgment of Line Orientation test.