FIG 6.

Phylogenetic analysis of the CDCs with the CDCLs. Sequences were first aligned using MUSCLE (41, 53) and then IQ-tree (54–56) was used to perform a maximum likelihood analysis of the aligned primary structures of the current known CDCs and putative CDCLs using a bootstrap value of 200 and the default values set by the software. The tree figure was drawn using FigTree 1.4.4 (57). The single asterisk denotes a strain of Enterococcus faecalis derived from the marine environment, for which clinical isolates have not been identified with a gene encoding either a CDC or a CDCL. The double asterisks denote two Gram-negative species having the cognate D4 structure of the CDCs and shown to bind to and lyse cholesterol-containing membranes (1). The species within each clade are listed in Fig. S4 and each clade structure is shown.