Table 3.
Details of prevention studies.
| Study | Design | Focus | Population | Physical Activity Intervention | Comparison(s)/Control(s) | Outcomes and follow ups | Results | PA Data (including adherence) | Additional findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butzer et al. (2017) | RCT (preliminary) | Alcohol and other drugs | Seventh grade, middle school adolescents (N = 211). | Kripala Yoga (35 min, 1–2 sessions/week over 6 months); n = 117 | Physical Education (including group sports); n = 94 | (Youth Risk Behaviour Survey) | No differences | None | Yoga participants reported liking physical education significantly more than yoga. |
| USA | Age (years); mean (SD): 12.64 (0.33) Male (36.8%) | Have you ever had a drink of alcohol, other than a few sips? | |||||||
| Have you ever used [various substances]? | |||||||||
| Post intervention; 6 months; 1 year | |||||||||
| Collingwood et al. (1991) | Pre-Post | Alcohol and other drugs | Adolescents (N = 74) in either (1) a school based “at risk” prevention programme (n = 54), (2) a community counselling agency substance abuse programme (n = 11), or (3) a chemical dependency in-patient hospital-based programme (n = 9). | Physical fitness programme (1.5 h, 1–2/week over 9 weeks + assignment for two individual exercise sessions/week); 3 modules delivered to parent groups in one session (behaviour contracting, family fitness activities, and personal walking programme); a computerised fitness assessment system with built in reinforcement for participants. | N/A | Modified questions from the “Pride Questionnaire”. | Non-significant trend for decreases in alcohol and marijuana use. | Significant improvement in total sample in fitness tests (1 mile run, 1 min sit up, 1 min pushup, percent fat, and flexibility). | Fitness improvers demonstrated a trend for greater improvements in all areas, including self-reported substance use patterns. |
| USA | Age (years); mean: 16.8; (1) 17.5; (2) 15.1; (3) 15.1 | Post intervention | Significant decrease in % of multiple users. | ||||||
| Male (62.2%) | |||||||||
| Collingwood (2000) | Pre-Post | Alcohol and other drugs | Youth (N = 329 with complete data from a total of 3701) One senior high school (n = 34), two junior high schools (n = 77), three National Guard community sites (n = 218). | “First Choice” physical fitness programme based on the staff training and dissemination model. Consists of three components: (1) adolescent fitness skills and exercise training programme (3/week over 9–12 weeks); (2) parent training module; and (3) peer fitness leader's training programme. | N/A | Monthly usage questions from the American Drug and Alcohol Survey for 15 different substances. | No significant changes, other than a reduction in % reporting using alcohol at one community site | Consistent trend of increased physical activity levels and fitness. | |
| USA | (years); mean age range across sites: 10.9–15.5 | Post intervention | |||||||
| Male % range across sites: 47.5–60.8 | |||||||||
| Velicer et al. (2013) | Cluster Randomised Trial | Alcohol | Sixth grade students (N = 4158). | Energy Balance intervention: A fully tailored 30-min computerised PA intervention, plus moderately or minimally tailored intervention for television watching habits and fruit and vegetable consumption (once in sixth grade, three times in seventh grade, and once in eight grade). (Transtheoretical Model) | Substance use Prevention: A tailored 30-min computerised intervention aimed to reduce tobacco and alcohol use (once in sixth grade, three times in seventh grade, and once in eight grade). | Stage of change for alcohol and substance acquisition and cessation. | The energy balance arm had lower rates of alcohol acquisition at 12, 24, and 36 months compared to the substance use prevention arm. Too few reported using alcohol at baseline to measure cessation. | Energy balance group reported greater number of days doing at least 60 min of PA at 24 and 36 months than the substance use prevention group. | |
| USA | Age; mean (SD): 11.40 (0.69) | (Transtheoretical Model) | 12, 24, and 36 months | ||||||
| Male (52.2%) | |||||||||
| Werch et al. (2003) | Randomised Trial (3 arm) | Alcohol | Eighth grade school students (N = 454); attending an inner city middle school (n = 183), a suburban middle school (n = 110), or a rural junior high school (n = 161). | Sport Consultation: consisting of a health and fitness screen followed by a consultation protocol promoting an active lifestyle and emphasising the conflict of an active lifestyle and consuming alcohol. One off, mean length; minutes, mean (SD): 8.92 (2.53). | Sport Consultation plus Alcohol Preventive Consultation: Sport Consultation followed by an alcohol preventive consultation addressing risk/protective factors including influenceability, social norms; negative/positive outcome expectancies, and self-efficacy and behavioural capability. One off; mean length; minutes, mean (SD): 25.87 (5.59). | The Youth Alcohol and Health Survey (30-day frequency and quantity of alcohol, heavy alcohol use). | Decreases in alcohol consumption, alcohol initiation, and alcohol related problems regardless of group. | All groups increased self-reported moderate and vigorous PA. | |
| USA | Age; mean (SD) 13.2 (0.5) | Sport Consultation plus Alcohol Preventive Consultation plus Parent Print Materials: Sport Consultation plus Alcohol Preventive Consultation plus five parental mailed SPORT cards mailed once per week containing ‘check off’ health and fitness facts | 3 month post intervention | ||||||
| Male (37.9%) |