TABLE 4.
Experimental in vitro studies with human cells and/or human steroid hormone receptors.
| Receptor | Year | First author | Cell line | Effect | Experimental treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Androgen | 2004 | Thomas (59) | Yeast with human AR | No effect | Five produced water effluents |
| 2015 | Tang (57) | U2OS osteosarcoma | No effect | Groundwater samples from gas coal seam | |
| 2000 | Kizu (62) | LNCaP human prostate | Effect | Crude extracts of C-heavy oils | |
| 2007 | Tollefsen (61) | Yeast with human AR | Effect | Produced water samples in North Sea | |
| 2009 | Thomas (60) | Yeast with human AR | Effect | Produced water samples in North Sea | |
| 2010 | Vrabie (55) | Yeast with human AR | Effect | Seven refined oil products and four crude oils | |
| 2011 | He (58) | MDA-kb2 | Effect | Oil sands wastewater | |
| 2014 | Kassotis (16) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Hydraulic fracturing chemicals; water from spill sites | |
| 2015 | Kassotis (15) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Hydraulic fracturing chemicals and mixtures | |
| 2016 | Kassotis (14) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Surface water associated with wastewater injection facility | |
| Estrogen | 1999 | Arcaro (53) | MCF7 human breast | Effect | PAHs, extracts from water and sediment cores |
| 2001 | Arcaro (54) | MCF7 human breast | Effect | Clarified slurry, heavy crude, and light crude oils | |
| 2004 | Thomas (59) | Yeast with human ER | Effect | Produced water | |
| 2007 | Tollefsen (61) | Yeast with human ER | Effect | Produced water samples in | |
| 2009 | Thomas (60) | Yeast with human ER | Effect | North Sea Produced water samples in North Sea | |
| 2010 | Vrabie (55) | Yeast with human ER | Effect | Seven refined oil products and four crude oils | |
| 2011 | He (58) | T47D-kbluc cells | Effect | Oil sands wastewater | |
| 2011 | Vrabie (56) | MCF7 human breast and U2OS | Effect | Distillate marine grade A | |
| 2014 | Kassotis (16) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Hydraulic fracturing chemicals; water from spill sites | |
| 2015 | Tang (57) | U2OS human osteosarcoma | Effect | Groundwater samples from coal seam gas mining region | |
| 2015 | Kassotis (15) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Hydraulic fracturing chemicals and mixtures | |
| 2016 | Kassotis (14) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Surface water associated with wastewater injection facility | |
| Progesterone | 2015 | Tang (57) | U2OS human osteosarcoma | No effect | Groundwater samples from coal seam gas mining region |
| 2015 | Kassotis (15) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Hydraulic fracturing chemicals and mixtures | |
| 2016 | Kassotis (14) | Ishikawa human endometrial | Effect | Surface water associated with wastewater injection facility |
Note: AR = androgen receptor; ER = estrogen receptor; PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.