Table 1.
Baseline features of hospitalized Covid-19 patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes, and patients experiencing the primary composite outcome (admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation or death), compared with those discharged alive not experiencing an event
| Diabetes | Primary composite outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n = 273 |
Yes n = 81 |
p | No n = 149 |
Yes n = 128 |
p | |
| Age ≥ 70, n (%) | 90 (33.0) | 52 (64.2) | < 0.001 | 42 (28.2) | 65 (50.8) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 165 (60.2) | 50 (61.7) | 0.81 | 84 (56.4) | 86 (67.2) | 0.065 |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 26.1 [23.9–28.6]* | 27.0 [24.8–29.4]** | 0.20 | 25.2 [23.4–27.7]*** | 27.1 [25.0–29.4]**** | 0.002 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 23 (15.4) | 40 (31.2) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes therapy, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| Diet alone, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (10.8) | 0.64 | |||
| EuGla, n (%) | 9 (42.9) | 17 (45.9) | 0.82 | |||
| OHA (alone or in combination with EuGlA), n (%) | 4 (19.0) | 3 (8.1) | 0.22 | |||
| Basal insulin (alone or in combination with EuGlA or OHA), n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.8) | 0.29 | |||
| MDI, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 9 (24.3) | 0.46 | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 126 (46.1) | 54 (66.7) | 0.001 | 62 (41.6) | 86 (67.2) | < 0.001 |
| Drugs acting on RAAS | ||||||
| ACEi, n (%) | − 36 (13.2) | − 19 (23.5) | 0.011 | 24 (16.1) | 23 (18.0) | 0.55 |
| ARBs, n (%) | − 40 (14.7) | − 14 (17.3) | 0.42 | 20 (13.4) | 19 (14.8) | 0.60 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 49 (18.0) | 29 (37.2) | < 0.001 | 28 (18.9) | 37 (29.1) | 0.047 |
| Smoking | ^ | ^^ | ^^^ | ^^^^ | ||
| Never, n (%) | 203 (83.2) | 55 (75.3) | 0.13 | 100 (77.5) | 92 (80.7) | 0.54 |
| Ever, n (%) | 41 (16.8) | 18 (24.6) | 29 (22.9) | 22 (19.3) | ||
| Ex, n (%) | 31 (12.7) | 17 (23.3) | 0.055# | 19 (14.7) | 21 (18.4) | 0.032# |
| Current, n (%) | 10 (4.1) | 1 (1.4) | 10 (7.8) | 1 (0.9) | ||
| Prior CV event, n (%) | 21 (7.7) | 13 (16.0) | 0.026 | 14 (9.5) | 16 (12.5) | 0.42 |
| Prior heart failure, n (%) | 11 (4.1) | 10 (12.8) | 0.005 | 6 (4.1) | 13 (10.6) | 0.038 |
| Prior malignancy, n (%) | 14 (5.2) | 6 (7.7) | 0.40 | 6 (4.0) | 10 (7.9) | 0.17 |
| Prior COPD, n (%) | 27 (10.0) | 17 (21.2) | 0.008 | 11 (7.4) | 28 (21.9) | 0.001 |
| Antiviral therapy, n (%) | 103 (37.7) | 29 (35.8) | 0.77 | 60 (40.3) | 60 (46.9) | 0.27 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 102 [93–118] | 151 [117–215] | < 0.001 | 101 [93–119] | 119 [99–160] | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 [0.70–1.04] | 1.03 [0.82–1.50] | < 0.001 | 0.83 [0.70–1.03] | 0.97 [0.72–1.26] | 0.016 |
| ESR (mm/hr) | 42.5 [23.5–59] | 73.5 [43–86] | 0.075 | 38 [24–65] | 78 [54–79] | 0.19 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.71 [0.82–7.52] | 5.06 [1.70–10.58] | 0.014 | 1.84 [0.59–4.17] | 6.37 [2.09–13.52] | < 0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 272.5 [216–344] | 289 [218–386] | 0.31 | 254 [210–314] | 313 [246–399] | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 470.5 [383.5–800] | 556 [467–752] | 0.028 | 479 [372–800] | 524 [426–800] | 0.064 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 450 [1.57–891] | 432 [4.09–1440] | 0.31 | 357 [0.89–780] | 598 [214–1250] | 0.006 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 5.90 [4.38–8.48] | 6.79 [5.46–8.80] | 0.045 | 5.73 [4.08–7.20] | 7.04 [5.11–9.67] | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (× 109/L) | 1.11 [0.73–1.66] | 1.07 [0.75–1.48] | 0.38 | 1.20 [0.81–1.65] | 0.95 [0.65–1.52] | 0.015 |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 3.97 [2.67–6.0] | 4.84 [0.75–1.48] | 0.017 | 3.78 [2.62–5.12] | 5.25 [3.65–7.7] | < 0.001 |
| Blood gas analysis | ||||||
| pH | 7.46 [7.42–7.49] | 7.46 [7.42–7.48] | 0.45 | 7.45 [7.43–7.48] | 7.46 [7.41–7.50] | 0.95 |
| PaO2/FIO2 ratio | 367 [281–438] | 322 [237–394] | 0.012 | 405 [350–462] | 281 [186–333] | < 0.001 |
| pCO2, mmHg | 34.0 [31.0–37.0] | 35.7 [33.0–39.0] | 0.055 | 34.9 [31.0–37.0] | 35 [31.0–38.2] | 0.43 |
| HCO3, mmol/l | 24.2 [22.2–26.0] | 24.6 [22.4–27.1] | 0.45 | 24.0 [22.4–25.5] | 24.5 [22.0–28.0] | 0.16 |
| Venous lactate, mmol/l | 1.2 [0.9–2.1] | 1.7 [1.2–7.0] | < 0.001 | 1.2 [0.8–1.8] | 1.5 [1.0–8.0] | 0.002 |
Continuous variables are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile]; categorical variables are presented as number (percentage)
# p-value for difference in never, ex and current mokers
EuGlA, euglycemic agents (metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and/or pioglitazone); OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agents (sulfonylureas or glinides); MDI, multiple daily insulin injections; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CV, cardiovascular; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESR, erythrocytes sedimentation rate; CRP, c-reactive protein; PaO2, arterial pO2; FIO2, fraction of inspired oxygen
Body mass index data were available for *120, **49, ***55 and ****95 patients
Smoking data were available for ^244, ^^73, ^^^129 and ^^^^114 patients
Anti-diabetes therapy data were available for 58 of the 63 patients with diabetes who completed the study