Table 1.
Diabetes | Primary composite outcome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No n = 273 |
Yes n = 81 |
p | No n = 149 |
Yes n = 128 |
p | |
Age ≥ 70, n (%) | 90 (33.0) | 52 (64.2) | < 0.001 | 42 (28.2) | 65 (50.8) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 165 (60.2) | 50 (61.7) | 0.81 | 84 (56.4) | 86 (67.2) | 0.065 |
Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 26.1 [23.9–28.6]* | 27.0 [24.8–29.4]** | 0.20 | 25.2 [23.4–27.7]*** | 27.1 [25.0–29.4]**** | 0.002 |
Diabetes, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 23 (15.4) | 40 (31.2) | 0.002 |
Diabetes therapy, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
Diet alone, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (10.8) | 0.64 | |||
EuGla, n (%) | 9 (42.9) | 17 (45.9) | 0.82 | |||
OHA (alone or in combination with EuGlA), n (%) | 4 (19.0) | 3 (8.1) | 0.22 | |||
Basal insulin (alone or in combination with EuGlA or OHA), n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.8) | 0.29 | |||
MDI, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 9 (24.3) | 0.46 | |||
Hypertension, n (%) | 126 (46.1) | 54 (66.7) | 0.001 | 62 (41.6) | 86 (67.2) | < 0.001 |
Drugs acting on RAAS | ||||||
ACEi, n (%) | − 36 (13.2) | − 19 (23.5) | 0.011 | 24 (16.1) | 23 (18.0) | 0.55 |
ARBs, n (%) | − 40 (14.7) | − 14 (17.3) | 0.42 | 20 (13.4) | 19 (14.8) | 0.60 |
Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 49 (18.0) | 29 (37.2) | < 0.001 | 28 (18.9) | 37 (29.1) | 0.047 |
Smoking | ^ | ^^ | ^^^ | ^^^^ | ||
Never, n (%) | 203 (83.2) | 55 (75.3) | 0.13 | 100 (77.5) | 92 (80.7) | 0.54 |
Ever, n (%) | 41 (16.8) | 18 (24.6) | 29 (22.9) | 22 (19.3) | ||
Ex, n (%) | 31 (12.7) | 17 (23.3) | 0.055# | 19 (14.7) | 21 (18.4) | 0.032# |
Current, n (%) | 10 (4.1) | 1 (1.4) | 10 (7.8) | 1 (0.9) | ||
Prior CV event, n (%) | 21 (7.7) | 13 (16.0) | 0.026 | 14 (9.5) | 16 (12.5) | 0.42 |
Prior heart failure, n (%) | 11 (4.1) | 10 (12.8) | 0.005 | 6 (4.1) | 13 (10.6) | 0.038 |
Prior malignancy, n (%) | 14 (5.2) | 6 (7.7) | 0.40 | 6 (4.0) | 10 (7.9) | 0.17 |
Prior COPD, n (%) | 27 (10.0) | 17 (21.2) | 0.008 | 11 (7.4) | 28 (21.9) | 0.001 |
Antiviral therapy, n (%) | 103 (37.7) | 29 (35.8) | 0.77 | 60 (40.3) | 60 (46.9) | 0.27 |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 102 [93–118] | 151 [117–215] | < 0.001 | 101 [93–119] | 119 [99–160] | < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 [0.70–1.04] | 1.03 [0.82–1.50] | < 0.001 | 0.83 [0.70–1.03] | 0.97 [0.72–1.26] | 0.016 |
ESR (mm/hr) | 42.5 [23.5–59] | 73.5 [43–86] | 0.075 | 38 [24–65] | 78 [54–79] | 0.19 |
CRP (mg/L) | 2.71 [0.82–7.52] | 5.06 [1.70–10.58] | 0.014 | 1.84 [0.59–4.17] | 6.37 [2.09–13.52] | < 0.001 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 272.5 [216–344] | 289 [218–386] | 0.31 | 254 [210–314] | 313 [246–399] | < 0.001 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 470.5 [383.5–800] | 556 [467–752] | 0.028 | 479 [372–800] | 524 [426–800] | 0.064 |
D-dimer (mg/L) | 450 [1.57–891] | 432 [4.09–1440] | 0.31 | 357 [0.89–780] | 598 [214–1250] | 0.006 |
White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 5.90 [4.38–8.48] | 6.79 [5.46–8.80] | 0.045 | 5.73 [4.08–7.20] | 7.04 [5.11–9.67] | < 0.001 |
Lymphocytes (× 109/L) | 1.11 [0.73–1.66] | 1.07 [0.75–1.48] | 0.38 | 1.20 [0.81–1.65] | 0.95 [0.65–1.52] | 0.015 |
Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 3.97 [2.67–6.0] | 4.84 [0.75–1.48] | 0.017 | 3.78 [2.62–5.12] | 5.25 [3.65–7.7] | < 0.001 |
Blood gas analysis | ||||||
pH | 7.46 [7.42–7.49] | 7.46 [7.42–7.48] | 0.45 | 7.45 [7.43–7.48] | 7.46 [7.41–7.50] | 0.95 |
PaO2/FIO2 ratio | 367 [281–438] | 322 [237–394] | 0.012 | 405 [350–462] | 281 [186–333] | < 0.001 |
pCO2, mmHg | 34.0 [31.0–37.0] | 35.7 [33.0–39.0] | 0.055 | 34.9 [31.0–37.0] | 35 [31.0–38.2] | 0.43 |
HCO3, mmol/l | 24.2 [22.2–26.0] | 24.6 [22.4–27.1] | 0.45 | 24.0 [22.4–25.5] | 24.5 [22.0–28.0] | 0.16 |
Venous lactate, mmol/l | 1.2 [0.9–2.1] | 1.7 [1.2–7.0] | < 0.001 | 1.2 [0.8–1.8] | 1.5 [1.0–8.0] | 0.002 |
Continuous variables are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile]; categorical variables are presented as number (percentage)
# p-value for difference in never, ex and current mokers
EuGlA, euglycemic agents (metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and/or pioglitazone); OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agents (sulfonylureas or glinides); MDI, multiple daily insulin injections; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CV, cardiovascular; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESR, erythrocytes sedimentation rate; CRP, c-reactive protein; PaO2, arterial pO2; FIO2, fraction of inspired oxygen
Body mass index data were available for *120, **49, ***55 and ****95 patients
Smoking data were available for ^244, ^^73, ^^^129 and ^^^^114 patients
Anti-diabetes therapy data were available for 58 of the 63 patients with diabetes who completed the study