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. 2020 Sep 30;19:159. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01141-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Protein expression of SGLT1, and activation of ERK1/2 and AMPKα. a Relative protein expression of left ventricular (LV) sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) in controls and in patients with heart failure (HF). A representative blot is shown. b The ratio of LV phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (P-ERK1/2) versus total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in controls and in patients with HF. A representative blot is shown. c The ratio of LV phosphorylated adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α catalytic subunit (P-AMPKα) versus total AMPKα (t-AMPKα) in controls and in patients with HF. A representative blot is shown. d Correlation between LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), ejection fraction (EF) and SGLT1 relative protein expression. e Correlation between LVEDD, EF and P-ERK1/2 / t-ERK1/2 relative protein expression. f Correlation between LVEDD, EF and P-AMPKα / t- AMPKα relative protein expression. g Correlation between P-ERK1/2 / t-ERK1/2 and SGLT1 relative protein expressions. h Correlation between P- AMPKα / t-AMPKα and SGLT1 relative protein expressions. For easier interpretation, expression values are normalized to that of Controls (i.e. mean of Control group = 1.00). To compare means of five groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with Welch’s correction followed by Dunnett T3 post hoc test to compute intergroup differences relative to the Control group. Statistical significance according to the post hoc test (relative to Control) is highlighted as follows: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. For zero-order correlation analysis, Spearman’s rho (r_s) was computed. For all correlation coefficients, bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported based on n = 1000 bootstrap samples. AMPKα adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α catalytic subunit, DCM dilated cardiomyopathy, EF ejection fraction, ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, f. c. fold change, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, IHD ischemic heart disease, IHD-T2DM IHD and type 2 diabetes mellitus, r_s Spearman’s rho (correlation coefficient), SGLT1 sodium-glucose cotransporter 1