Table 1. Examples of Optical Methods Applied to Live-Cell Migration Analysis.

	signal transduction strategy	type of optical probe	aim of cell monitoring	optical apparatus	labeling method	ref
1	fluorescence	fluorescent dye	spheroid formation	time-lapse microscope system	dye staining	Jiang et al.21
2	fluorescence	fluorescent dye	chemotaxis	microplate reader	dye staining	Iseoka et al.9
3	bright field	none	cell migration	time-lapse microscope system	none	Mahmood et al.22
4	bright field	none	wound healing assay	motorized environment-controlled microscope	none	Jonkman et al.23
5	fluorescence	fluorescent dye	wound healing assay	infrared fluorescence scanner	dye staining	Menon et al.24
6	nonspectroscopic retroreflection	microretroreflector	cell migration	optical microscope	none	this work