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. 2020 Jul 29;112(4):1080–1087. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186

TABLE 3.

Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs of Parkinson disease by intake of individual nicotine-containing foods at baseline1

Categories (frequency)
Nicotine-containing food ≤3 times/mo 1 time/wk 2–4 times/wk ≥5 times/wk P trend
Peppers
 Women
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.80 0.95 1.09 1.31
  Median nicotine intake from peppers, μg/d 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.19
   Cases, n 182 63 41 10
   Person-years 426,488 165,467 103,592 43,276
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) 0.84 (0.59, 1.21) 0.49 (0.25, 0.94) 0.03
 Men
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.68 0.82 0.97 1.24
  Median nicotine intake from peppers, μg/d 0 0.03 0.10 0.19
   Cases, n 198 54 36 14
   Person-years 270,623 79,130 46,739 16,140
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 0.93 (0.68, 1.28) 1.04 (0.71, 1.53) 1.04 (0.57, 1.90) 0.85
 Pooled analysis2 1 (Ref.) 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) 0.93 (0.71, 1.21) 0.73 (0.47, 1.15) 0.16
Tomatoes
 Women
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.60 0.72 0.96 1.24
  Median nicotine intake from tomatoes, μg/d 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.26
   Cases, n 48 77 118 53
   Person-years 138,807 185,242 264,133 150,641
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 1.17 (0.81, 1.70) 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) 0.86 (0.55, 1.32) 0.28
 Men
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.50 0.62 0.80 1.13
  Median nicotine intake from tomatoes, μg/d 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.26
   Cases, n 46 81 120 57
   Person-years 78,716 106,638 152,238 79,099
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) 1.28 (0.87, 1.86) 0.98 (0.63, 1.54) 0.38
 Pooled analysis2 1 (Ref.) 1.30 (0.99, 1.69) 1.19 (0.91, 1.54) 0.91 (0.67, 1.25) 0.17
Processed tomatoes
 Women
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.65 0.82 1.02 1.44
  Median nicotine intake from processed tomatoes, μg/d 0.05 0.10 0.22 0.43
   Cases, n 90 99 81 26
   Person-years 223,658 249,715 187,729 77,721
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 1.05 (0.78, 1.43) 1.15 (0.80, 1.64) 0.80 (0.47, 1.37) 0.70
 Men
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.60 0.68 0.87 1.32
  Median nicotine intake from processed tomatoes, μg/d 0.05 0.10 0.22 0.43
   Cases, n 126 77 57 45
   Person-years 149,652 126,329 97,977 46,041
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) 0.68 (0.47, 0.98) 0.90 (0.57, 1.43) 0.54
 Pooled analysis2 1 (Ref.) 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) 0.48
Potatoes
 Women
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.49 0.65 0.98 1.47
  Median nicotine intake from potatoes, μg/d 0.07 0.13 0.41 0.75
   Cases, n 57 74 125 40
   Person-years 129,198 206,124 315,369 88,132
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 0.83 (0.59, 1.19) 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) 0.29
 Men
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.41 0.54 0.88 1.34
  Median nicotine intake from potatoes, μg/d 0.07 0.13 0.41 0.75
   Cases, n 44 87 138 34
   Person-years 77,235 128,684 171,305 39,735
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 1.20 (0.82, 1.75) 1.27 (0.88, 1.82) 1.01 (0.62, 1.65) 0.89
 Pooled analysis2 1 (Ref.) 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) 0.88 (0.64, 1.22) 0.51
Tea
 Women
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.59 0.75 1.02 1.98
  Median nicotine intake from tea, μg/d 0 0.13 0.41 0.95
   Cases, n 152 20 39 85
   Person-years 367,252 65,350 81,474 224,746
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 0.73 (0.45, 1.17) 1.16 (0.81, 1.66) 0.88 (0.66, 1.18) 0.61
 Men
  Median total nicotine intake, μg/d 0.56 0.70 0.99 1.74
  Median nicotine intake from tea, μg/d 0 0.13 0.41 0.95
   Cases, n 179 30 33 54
   Person-years 231,042 41,409 46,740 91,472
   HR (95% CI) 1 (Ref.) 1.02 (0.68, 1.53) 0.99 (0.65, 1.51) 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) 0.62
 Pooled analysis2 1 (Ref.) 0.89 (0.65, 1.21) 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) 0.89 (0.72, 1.12) 0.48
1

Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, caffeine, alcohol, total carotenoid intake, total energy intake, overall dietary patterns, postmenopausal status, and current postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal/postmenopausal without hormone use/postmenopausal with hormone use, women only).

2

Fixed-effects model was used, P-heterogeneity > 0.05. P-interaction for sex > 0.05.