TABLE 2.
Maternal daily MN intakes at 2 and 5 mo postpartum and prevalence of inadequacy (n = 210)1
| 2 mo postpartum | 5 mo postpartum | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAR2 | Median (25th, 75th percentiles) | Prevalence of inadequacy (%)3 | Median (25th, 75th percentiles) | Prevalence of inadequacy (%)3 | Mean difference (95% CI) between 2 and 5 mo | |
| Calcium, mg | 8004 | 497 (410, 604) | 95.7 | 471 (376, 563) | 97.3 | −38 (−57, −18) |
| Potassium, g | 5.15 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | — | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | — | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) |
| Iron, mg | 11.76 | 11.8 (10.0, 14.7) | 45.7 | 12.2 (9.3, 14.7) | 46.6 | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) |
| Zinc, mg | 77 | 9.3 (7.9, 11.3) | 14.1 | 9.5 (7.4, 11.4) | 21.7 | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.1) |
| Vitamin A, μg RAE | 450 | 398 (282, 565) | 56.9 | 387 (298, 548) | 58.4 | −27 (−64, 10) |
| Thiamin (B-1), mg | 1.2 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 72.1 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 62.2 | 0.05 (−0.004, 0.10) |
| Riboflavin (B-2), mg | 1.3 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 67.2 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 60.6 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) |
| Niacin (B-3), mg | 13 | 10.5 (8.5, 13.1) | 71.2 | 10.9 (8.7, 13.6) | 67.9 | 0.5 (−0.1, 1.0) |
| Vitamin B-6, mg | 1.7 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 91.5 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | 77.2 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) |
| Vitamin B-12, μg | 2.4 | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 54.9 | 2.1 (1.5, 3.2) | 56.2 | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.0) |
Mean difference was calculated using a t-test. Maternal MN intakes were based on food records on 3 nonconsecutive days (weighed 12-h daytime food intakes added with 12-h recalls), with adjustment for usual intakes using the multiple source method (46). AI, adequate intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; IOM, Institute of Medicine; IZiNCG, International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group; MN, micronutrient; RAE, retinol activity equivalents.
EAR values were obtained from the WHO as modified by Arimond et al. (25), unless otherwise stated.
Using the probability method for assessing prevalence of inadequate intakes for all MNs.
Values were obtained from the 2011 updated IOM dietary reference values (47), and as the EARs for lactating women aged 14–18 y were higher (1100 mg), this EAR was used for these women (n = 9 at 2 mo; n = 8 at 5 mo).
No EAR value for potassium, therefore the AI is reported (26) and the prevalence of inadequacy cannot be determined.
Values adapted for 10% bioavailability of iron, EAR of 11.7 mg/d (lactating adults) and 12.6 mg/d (lactating adolescents) (25).
Value obtained from IZiNCG, assuming bioavailability of mixed refined vegetarian diets (48).