TABLE 3.
Association between human milk MN concentration and human milk volume at 2 and 5 mo postpartum (n = 193)1
| Pooled human milk concentration at 2 and 5 mo | Mean % change (95% CI) for 100 mL greater milk volume at 2 mo postpartum5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mature milk concentration reference2 | Median (25th, 75th percentile)3 | Mean % change (95% CI) for 100 mL greater milk volume4 | P value for time–milk volume interaction5 | Mean percentage change (95% CI) for 100 mL greater milk volume at 5 mo postpartum5 | ||
| Sodium, mg/L | 150 (35) | 117 (98, 151) | −2.5 (−5.6, 0.7) | |||
| Magnesium, mg/L | 31 (35) | 28 (25, 32) | −0.9 (−1.8, 0.1) | |||
| Phosphorous, mg/L | 140 (36) | 133 (121, 146) | 0.4 (−0.6, 1.5) | |||
| Potassium, mg/L | 500 (35) | 438 (402, 475) | −0.8 (−1.6, −0.1) | |||
| Calcium, mg/L | 250 (35) | 256 (233, 275) | 0.7 (−0.1, 1.5) | 0.020 | −0.4 (−1.3, 0.4) | 1.1 (−0.1, 2.2) |
| Iron, mg/L | 0.3 (37) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.29) | 0.2 (−2.9, 3.4) | |||
| Copper, mg/L | 0.35 (35) | 0.27 (0.22, 0.30) | 1.4 (−0.3, 3.2) | |||
| Zinc, mg/L | 1.91 (1 to 2 mo) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (−2.0, 4.1) | 0.070 | −3.1 (−6.5, 0.4) | −0.1 (−4.0, 4.0) |
| 0.98 (3 to 5 mo) (45) | ||||||
| Selenium, μg/L | 15 (38) | 13.3 (11.8, 15.3) | −1.5 (−3.2, 0.2) | 0.016 | −0.8 (−2.7, 1.1) | −3.7 (−6.3, −1.2) |
| Retinol, μg/L | 530 (39) | 530 (399, 650) | 3.3 (0.5, 6.1) | |||
| Retinol6, μg/g milk fat | 11.2 (8.6, 14.0) | 1.3 (−1.1, 3.8) | ||||
| β-Carotene, μg/L | 21 (14, 32) | 10.3 (5.6, 15.2) | ||||
| α-Carotene, μg/L | 9.6 (6.2, 12.6) | 8.1 (4.0, 12.2) | ||||
| β-Cryptoxanthin, μg/L | 26 (17, 43) | 7.5 (2.6, 12.7) | ||||
| α-Tocopherol6, mg/L | 5.0 (3.9, 6.4) | 3.6 (0.9, 6.2) | ||||
| α-Tocopherol6, mg/g milk fat | 0.11 (0.08, 0.14) | 1.6 (−0.8, 4.0) | ||||
| γ-Tocopherol, mg/L | 0.45 (0.33, 0.63) | 4.3 (1.3, 7.3) | ||||
| γ-Tocopherol6, mg/g milk fat | 0.010 (0.007, 0.013) | 2.3 (−0.5, 5.1) | ||||
| Vitamin E (as TE)6,7, mg/L | 4.6 (40) | 5.2 (4.0, 6.5) | 3.7 (1.1, 6.4) | |||
| Vitamin E (as TE)6,7, mg/g milk fat | 0.11 (0.09, 0.14) | 1.6 (−0.7, 3.9) | ||||
| Free thiamin, μg/L | 18.5 (14.2, 24.0) | −1.2 (−3.7, 1.3) | ||||
| TMP, μg/L | 94 (74, 110) | 4.2 (1.1, 7.2) | 0.006 | 1.0 (−2.2, 4.3) | 7.7 (2.7, 12.6) | |
| TPP, μg/L | 4.5 (3.2, 5.7) | −4.6 (−7.1, −2.0) | ||||
| Total thiamin (B-1),8 μg/L | 180 (41) | 104 (88, 121) | 1.3 (-0.3, 3.0) | |||
| Free riboflavin, μg/L | 11.2 (7.4, 15.6) | 5.8 (0.9, 10.9) | 0.029 | 1.4 (−2.5, 5.3) | 8.7 (0.2, 17.2) | |
| FAD, μg/L | 166 (137, 208) | −0.1 (−2.6, 2.4) | ||||
| FMN, μg/L | 15.6 (9.4, 22.8) | 0.2 (−3.6, 4.2) | 0.021 | −1.1 (−6.1, 3.9) | 3.9 (−1.8, 9.7) | |
| Total riboflavin (B-2),9 μg/L | 364 (42) | 108 (91, 138) | 0.2 (−2.0, 2.4) | |||
| Nicotinamide, μg/L | 275 (189, 411) | −4.2 (−7.5, −0.7) | ||||
| NAD, μg/L | 2493 (1567, 3733) | −3.5 (−7.3, 0.4) | ||||
| Total niacin (B-3),10 μg/L | 2100 (43) | 737 (551, 1120) | −4.0 (−7.1, −0.7) | |||
| Pantothenic acid (B-5), μg/L | 2500 (35) | 1304 (1069, 1509) | −1.7 (−4.7, 1.5) | |||
| Pyridoxal, μg/L | 96 (69, 122) | 1.1 (−1.8, 4.0) | ||||
| Vitamin B-6,11 μg/L | 130 (35) | 96 (69, 122) | 1.1 (−1.7, 4.0) | |||
| Biotin (B-7), μg/L | 5 (35) | 6.4 (4.7, 7.9) | −2.0 (−6.3, 2.4) | |||
| Vitamin B-12, μg/L | 0.5 (44) | 0.29 (0.26, 0.35) | −0.7 (−3.2, 1.8) | |||
ESFA, European Food Safety Authority; IZiNCG, International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group; MN, micronutrient; TE, tocopherol equivalent; TMP, thiamin monophosphate; TPP, thiamin pyrophosphate.
Corresponding MN concentration for mature human milk compiled by EFSA and IZiNCG.
Median of the mean concentrations at 2 and 5 mo postpartum.
Mixed-effects regression models were used that combined the repeat measure and included participant as a random effect as well as adjusted for parity.
Stratified associations of human milk volume and human milk MN concentrations by time for interactions with P < 0.1 from column “Mean % change (95% CI) for 100 mL greater milk volume.”
n = 1 missing milk fat–associated MN value at 2 mo; n = 1 missing α-tocopherol, n = 1 missing milk fat–associated MN value at 5 mo.
Vitamin E calculated as the sum of each vitamer expressed as TEs, where 1 mg α-tocopherol = 1 TE, 0.25 mg γ-tocopherol = 1 TE (10).
Vitamin B-1 was calculated based on the measured concentrations for each vitamer and expressed as free thiamin [thiamin + (TPP × 0.707) + (TMP × 0.871)].
Vitamin B-2 was calculated based on the measured concentrations for each vitamer and expressed as riboflavin [riboflavin + (FAD × 0.479) + (FMN × 0.825)].
Vitamin B-3 was calculated as nicotinamide [nicotinamide + (NAD × 0.184)].
Vitamin B-6 was calculated as (pyridoxal + pyridoxine).