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. 2020 Oct 1;3(1):36. doi: 10.5334/joc.125

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Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects from outnumbering and forewarning on damage from science denialism in public discussions in Experiment 2. The results reveal a significant mitigation in damage from denialism on all outcome measures when forewarning was used. The mitigating effect was not a function of whether the advocate uses a rebuttal or remains silent. Comparison of the lower (3:3) and upper (5:1) panels reveals no evidence that outnumbering mitigated the damage from denialism on any outcome measure. The y-axes represent mean changes in attitude (left graph), intention (centre graph) and confidence (right graph) in POMP values. Descriptive data are provided in Supplementary Tables 2–4. The x-axes represent experimental conditions. Error bars represent 95% CIs. Dots indicate changes in individual participants’ outcome measures.