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. 2020 Aug 14;43(9):774–783. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0059

Table 1.

WNT signaling in various epithelial stem/progenitor cells in mouse lung

Stem cell type Location Markers Contribution to regeneration Differentiation outcome WNT signaling role Reference
Basal cells (BCs) Trachea, bronchi (cartilaginous airways) TRP63, KRT5 (and variably KRT14), NGFR, PDPN (T1α) Major Ciliated cells, secretory cells (club and goblet cells) Increase cell expansion and direct differentiation (Brechbuhl et al., 2011; Giangreco et al., 2012; Rock et al., 2009)
Club cells Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles SCGB1A1(also known as CCSP and CC10),
UPK3A
Major Ciliated cells, secretory cells (club and goblet cells), basal cells,
AT2 cells, AT1
Inhibit differentiation into goblet cells by RYK receptor (Guha et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Rawlins et al., 2009; Rock et al., 2009; Tata et al., 2013)
Submucosal gland duct cell (myoepithelial cells [MECs]) Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles TRP63, KRT5, KRT14, rich in ACTA2 Minor Trachea pithelium Promotes the transition to basal cell phenotype (Lynch et al., 2018)
Neuroendocrine cells (NECs) Bronchioles Calcitonin gene-related peptide Minor Ciliated cells, club cells Not reported (Song et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2018)
Bronchoalveolar stem cells (BASCs) Bronchoalveolar duct junction SCGB1A1, SFTPC Major Ciliated cells, club cells, AT1 cells, AT2 cells Increase cell expansion (Kim et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2019; Salwig et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2008)
Lineage-negative epithelial stem/progenitor (LNEP) Alveoli TRP63, KRT5, H2-K1high Minor AT1 cells, AT2 cells Enhance differentiation into AT2 (Kathiriya et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2011; Vaughan et al., 2015; Xi et al., 2017; Zuo et al., 2015)
Distal lung progenitors (SFTPC-ve AT2 cells) Alveoli Integrin α6β4 Minor Club cells, AT2 cells Not reported (Chapman et al., 2011)
Alveolar type 2 cells (AT2) Alveoli SFTPC, AQP3, ABCA3 Major AT1 cells Increase cell expansion and proper differentiation during regeneration (Barkauskas et al., 2013; Desai et al., 2014; Nabhan et al., 2018; Olajuyin et al., 2019; Tanjore et al., 2013; Zacharias et al., 2018)
Alveolar type 1 cells (AT1) Alveoli AQP5, PDPN (T1α), HOPX Minor AT2 cells Not reported (Jain et al., 2015)