Table 1.

The four principles of trauma-informed medical education (TIME) for the individual and the institution

	Individual	Institution
Realize	Acknowledge bias and discrimination as relevant and current issues in medical education. Consider one’s role in either opposing or reinforcing this practice	Acknowledge bias and discrimination as relevant and current issues in medical education. Consider the institution’s role in either opposing or reinforcing this practice
Recognize	Recognize one’s bias. Individuals may take implicit association tests to identify their implicit bias	Utilize reporting to systematically measure instances of bias and discrimination via an institutional surveillance system
Respond	Employ implicit bias reduction strategies	Institute policies and procedures that counteract bias and discrimination
Resist re-traumatization	Hold oneself accountable to resist reinforcing biased and discriminatory practices	Implement strategies that mitigate bias and discrimination as a universal precaution. Mandate corrective action for those in violation of established practice