Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics
| Female | Male | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n |
33 | 24 | — | |
| Age, yr |
53 ± 14 | 53 ± 12 | 0.98 | |
| PAH subtype, n (%) |
0.40 | |||
| Idiopathic PAH |
24 (72.7) | 22 (91.7) | — | |
| Associated PAH |
9 (27.3) | 2 (8.3) | — | |
| 6-min-walk distance, m (n = 42) |
401 ± 141 | 343 ± 146 | 0.20 | |
| B-type natriuretic peptide, pg/ml (n = 54) |
91 (38–246) | 99 (46–295) | 0.91 | |
| TAPSE/PASP ratio, mm/mm Hg (n = 52) |
0.31 (0.21–0.40) | 0.33 (0.19–0.38) | 0.85 | |
| Prior PAH therapy, n (%) |
||||
| Dual combination therapy |
9 (27.3) | 9 (37.5) | 0.41 | |
| Triple combination therapy |
8 (24.2) | 9 (37.5) | 0.28 | |
| Right heart catheterization |
||||
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mm Hg |
42 (36–52) | 44 (34–55) | 0.84 | |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance, Wood units |
7.3 (5.6–9.8) | 6.3 (4.3–11.3) | 0.38 | |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 |
2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.66 | |
| Pulmonary artery wedge pressure, mm Hg |
7 (6–11) | 9 (8–11) | 0.18 | |
| Right atrial pressure, mm Hg |
6 (4–10) | 7 (5–9) | 0.66 | |
| RV pressure–volume loop measurements |
||||
| Single-beat |
||||
| Ea, mm Hg/ml |
0.80 (0.56–0.96) | 0.72 (0.46–1.10) | 0.97 | |
| Ees, mm Hg/ml |
0.68 (0.38–0.91) | 0.48 (0.29–0.63) | 0.03 | |
| Ees/Ea ratio |
0.92 (0.58–1.24) | 0.59 (0.35–0.99) | 0.03 | |
| Eed, mm Hg/ml (n = 51) |
0.14 (0.05–0.23) | 0.16 (0.06–0.24) | 0.84 | |
| Tau, ms |
33 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.01 | |
| RVSWI, ml · mm Hg/m2 |
1,777 (1,233–2,997) | 1,541 (1,035–2,670) | 0.54 | |
| Multibeat (n = 37, 21 female, 16 male) |
||||
| Ees, mm Hg/ml |
0.70 ± 0.30 | 0.46 ± 0.23 | 0.01 | |
| Ees/Ea ratio |
0.85 (0.56–1.41) | 0.52 (0.29–0.74) | 0.01 | |
| Cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 55) |
||||
| RV mass index, g/m2 |
34 ± 14 | 46 ± 21 | 0.01 | |
| RV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m2 |
96 (80–121) | 105 (89–162) | 0.20 | |
| RV mass/volume ratio |
0.34 (0.27–0.38) | 0.33 (0.28–0.48) | 0.40 | |
| RV ESV index, ml/m2 |
59 (45–92) | 69 (59–107) | 0.17 | |
| RV ejection fraction, % |
40 (35–48) | 35 (27–41) | 0.33 | |
| SV/ESV | 0.78 ± 0.32 | 0.57 ± 0.29 | 0.02 | |
Definition of abbreviations: Ea = arterial elastance; Eed = end-diastolic elastance; Ees = end-systolic elastance; ESV = end-systolic volume; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension; PASP = pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV = right ventricular; RVSWI = right ventricular stroke work index; SV = stroke volume; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Normally and nonnormally distributed data are presented as means ± SD and medians (interquartile ranges), respectively. Between-group differences were analyzed by Student’s t tests (for normally distributed variables), Pearson chi-square tests (for categorical variables), or Mann-Whitney U tests (for nonnormally distributed variables).