Table 3. Subgroup analysis stratified by independent variables*.
| Variables | HbA1c ≥5.7% | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex-specific RHGSa | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 (low) | Q2 (mid-low) | Q3 (mid-high) | Q4 (high) | P value for trend | ||||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | ||||||||
| Male | ||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 19–29 | 2.75 | (0.70 | - | 10.83) | 2.86 | (0.90 | - | 9.11) | 1.67 | (0.42 | - | 6.57) | 1.00 | 0.1143 |
| 30–39 | 2.06 | (1.13 | - | 3.75) | 1.79 | (1.02 | - | 3.14) | 1.43 | (0.83 | - | 2.46) | 1.00 | 0.0340 |
| 40–49 | 1.05 | (0.60 | - | 1.82) | 0.84 | (0.53 | - | 1.34) | 0.74 | (0.46 | - | 1.19) | 1.00 | 0.8438 |
| 50–59 | 1.62 | (0.97 | - | 2.72) | 1.81 | (1.13 | - | 2.89) | 1.51 | (0.97 | - | 2.35) | 1.00 | 0.0439 |
| ≥60 | 1.02 | (0.65 | - | 1.63) | 0.94 | (0.59 | - | 1.50) | 0.94 | (0.56 | - | 1.57) | 1.00 | 0.8427 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.35 | (1.02 | - | 1.79) | 1.31 | (1.01 | - | 1.69) | 1.12 | (0.86 | - | 1.46) | 1.00 | 0.1243 |
| No | 1.64 | (0.91 | - | 2.94) | 1.36 | (0.77 | - | 2.40) | 1.22 | (0.71 | - | 2.10) | 1.00 | 0.2343 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.50 | (1.14 | - | 1.97) | 1.43 | (1.10 | - | 1.86) | 1.22 | (0.94 | - | 1.58) | 1.00 | 0.0521 |
| No | 0.98 | (0.52 | - | 1.83) | 0.81 | (0.44 | - | 1.47) | 0.84 | (0.45 | - | 1.57) | 1.00 | 0.9467 |
| Practicing aerobic exercise | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.81 | (1.23 | - | 2.67) | 1.88 | (1.32 | - | 2.68) | 1.49 | (1.02 | - | 2.16) | 1.00 | 0.0078 |
| No | 1.17 | (0.84 | - | 1.64) | 1.00 | (0.74 | - | 1.36) | 0.96 | (0.70 | - | 1.30) | 1.00 | 0.7596 |
| Obesity status (BMI)b | ||||||||||||||
| Underweight and Normal range | 1.06 | (0.65 | - | 1.74) | 0.92 | (0.60 | - | 1.41) | 1.10 | (0.73 | - | 1.64) | 1.00 | 0.6782 |
| Overweight | 0.91 | (0.58 | - | 1.43) | 1.11 | (0.72 | - | 1.71) | 1.07 | (0.71 | - | 1.61) | 1.00 | 0.4073 |
| Obese | 1.90 | (1.23 | - | 2.92) | 1.70 | (1.12 | - | 2.60) | 1.28 | (0.82 | - | 1.99) | 1.00 | 0.0034 |
| Waist circumferencec | ||||||||||||||
| Men(≥90cm), Women(≥85cm) | 2.40 | (1.52 | - | 3.80) | 2.00 | (1.26 | - | 3.17) | 1.76 | (1.11 | - | 2.81) | 1.00 | 0.0026 |
| Men(<90cm), Women(<85cm) | 1.01 | (0.74 | - | 1.38) | 1.14 | (0.85 | - | 1.52) | 1.03 | (0.77 | - | 1.36) | 1.00 | 0.4977 |
| Female | ||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 19–29 | 0.63 | (0.31 | - | 2.00) | 1.38 | (0.51 | - | 3.74) | 0.20 | (0.01 | - | 0.75) | 1.00 | 0.9819 |
| 30–39 | 0.97 | (0.45 | - | 2.06) | 0.81 | (0.42 | - | 1.56) | 0.71 | (0.41 | - | 1.23) | 1.00 | 0.9816 |
| 40–49 | 1.42 | (0.89 | - | 2.25) | 0.76 | (0.49 | - | 1.19) | 0.83 | (0.57 | - | 1.22) | 1.00 | 0.3440 |
| 50–59 | 0.96 | (0.62 | - | 1.48) | 1.06 | (0.72 | - | 1.55) | 1.07 | (0.75 | - | 1.53) | 1.00 | 0.7479 |
| ≥60 | 1.09 | (0.64 | - | 1.86) | 0.89 | (0.53 | - | 1.51) | 1.21 | (0.73 | - | 2.02) | 1.00 | 0.9589 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.48 | (0.72 | - | 3.03) | 0.86 | (0.42 | - | 1.74) | 0.80 | (0.44 | - | 1.47) | 1.00 | 0.6348 |
| No | 1.10 | (0.85 | - | 1.43) | 0.97 | (0.77 | - | 1.24) | 1.01 | (0.82 | - | 1.26) | 1.00 | 0.7534 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.16 | (0.86 | - | 1.58) | 0.92 | (0.70 | - | 1.21) | 0.97 | (0.76 | - | 1.23) | 1.00 | 0.6670 |
| No | 1.03 | (0.70 | - | 1.51) | 0.99 | (0.67 | - | 1.47) | 0.99 | (0.67 | - | 1.47) | 1.00 | 0.9589 |
| Practicing aerobic exercise | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.17 | (0.80 | - | 1.70) | 0.87 | (0.64 | - | 1.19) | 0.97 | (0.72 | - | 1.31) | 1.00 | 0.7674 |
| No | 1.07 | (0.77 | - | 1.49) | 1.01 | (0.74 | - | 1.39) | 0.98 | (0.74 | - | 1.29) | 1.00 | 0.8685 |
| Obesity status (BMI)b | ||||||||||||||
| Underweight and Normal range | 1.01 | (0.72 | - | 1.41) | 0.91 | (0.67 | - | 1.23) | 0.99 | (0.78 | - | 1.26) | 1.00 | 0.5765 |
| Overweight | 0.99 | (0.60 | - | 1.63) | 0.90 | (0.56 | - | 1.44) | 0.84 | (0.52 | - | 1.35) | 1.00 | 0.8835 |
| Obese | 1.03 | (0.55 | - | 1.95) | 0.82 | (0.44 | - | 1.54) | 0.84 | (0.44 | - | 1.61) | 1.00 | 0.3574 |
| Waist circumferencec | ||||||||||||||
| Men(≥90cm), Women(≥85cm) | 0.81 | (0.44 | - | 1.51) | 0.69 | (0.37 | - | 1.30) | 0.67 | (0.36 | - | 1.27) | 1.00 | 0.7709 |
| Men(<90cm), Women(<85cm) | 1.07 | (0.81 | - | 1.41) | 0.94 | (0.73 | - | 1.21) | 0.97 | (0.78 | - | 1.21) | 1.00 | 0.8557 |
*Adjusted for age, marital status, region, household income, job, educational status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, practicing aerobic exercise, BMI, waist circumference, and the number of chronic diseases.
a Relative Hand Grip Strength, categorized into sex-specific quartiles
Men: Q1(<2.78), Q2(2.78–3.22), Q3(3.22–3.66), Q4(>3.66) / Women: Q1(<1.67), Q2(1.67–2.00), Q3(2.00–2.33), Q4(>2.33).
bBMI: Body mass index; obesity status was defined by BMI based on the 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea.
cCentral obesity is defined using waist circumference. The cut-off points for Korean adults were decided by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity.