Table 3. Overview of visual function in children with craniopharyngioma at diagnosis.
| Study | Children with availability of vision data | Visual disturbance as symptom | Visual impairment | Decreased VA with description | Decreased VF with description | Orthoptic examination | Fundoscopy | Other vision related defects | Ophthalmological examination | Ophthalmological definitions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al-Mefty, 1985 [99] | VA: 15/20 | NR | NR | 15/15: | Bitemporal defects 6/9, only central VF 1/9 | NR | Papilledema 7, optic atrophy 7, Foster-Kennedy syndrome 3 | NR | NR | NR |
| VF: 9/20 | Severe decrease in both eyes 8/15, totally blind in both eyes 5/15, totally blind in one eye with decreased VA in the other eye 2/15 | ||||||||||
| 2 | Albright, 2005 [51] | NR | NR | Intracavitary irradition P-32: 4/44 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Microneurosurgical tumor resection and GKSR: VI was one of the predominant neurological symptoms | |||||||||||
| 3 | Ali, 2013 [54] | NR | 2/7 | 4/7 | Blurry vision 1/7 | NR | Diplopia 1/7 | NR | NR | Yes (not specified) | NR |
| 4 | Ammirati, 1988 [71] | 2/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 2/3: | Bitemporal hemianopia 2/3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| VA 20/100: 1/4 eyes, VA 20/200: 1/4 eyes, LP: 1/4 eyes | |||||||||||
| 5 | Anderson, 1989 [53] | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 | 2/2: | Homonymous hemianopia 1/2, temporal hemianopia 1/2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| VA 20/25; CF at 1 foot 1/2, VA: 20/300; CF at 2 feet 1/2 | |||||||||||
| 6 | Ansari, 2016 [62] | NR | 5/9 | 5/9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 7 | Artero, 1984 [107] | VA: 21/24, VF: 18/24 | 5/24 | 22/24 | Decreased VA 17/21 | 16/18: | Diplopia 2/24 | Abnormal ocular fundus 19/24, optic atrophy or pallor 14/24 (unilateral 6/24), papilledema 7/24 | NR | VA and campimetric determinations, funduscopy and examination of ocular motility when the age and/or clinical condition allowed them to be performed. | NR |
| Homonymous defects 5/18, temporal defects 14/18 (of whom 7/18 had bitemporal defects) | |||||||||||
| 8 | Ashkenazi, 1990 [82] | NR | 5/12 | NR | Decrased VA 5/12 | Reduction 3/12 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 9 | Bartlett, 1971 [35] | NR | 23/30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Papilledema 13/30 | NR | NR | NR |
| 10 | Behari, 2003 [81] | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | NR | Bilateral sixth nerve palsy 1/2 | Bilateral papilledema 1/2 | NR | NR | NR |
| 6/24: 1/4 eyes, 6/18: 2/4 eyes, 6/12: 1/4 eyes | |||||||||||
| 11 | Bialer, 2013 [84] | 13/20 | 1/11 | 4/11 | ≤ 20/200 in at least one eye 7/11 | Bilateral temporal 4/15, unilateral temporal 3/15, right inferior homonymous quadrantopia 1/15 | RAPD 8/13, unilateral exotropia 6/13, sixth nerve palsy 2/13, monocular nystagmus 1/13, diplopia 3/13 | Papilledema 3/13, optic disc pallor 10/13: bilateral 7, unilateral 3 | NR | BCVA, Humphrey Field Analyzer | NR |
| 12 | Boekhoff, 2019 [70] | NR | Symptomatic CP 54/214 | Symptomatic CP 54/214, Incidental CP 1/4 | NR | Incidental CP: impaired VF right side 1/4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 13 | Cai, 2019 [76] | NR | NR | 3/5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | VA and VF testing. | Visual outcome was graded as improved, stable, or deteriorated. |
| 14 | Caldarelli, 2005 [90] | NR | NR | 17/52 | Reduction of VA 13/52 | 9/52 | Sixth nerve deficit 5/52, third nerve deficit 1/52, nystagmus 2/52 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 15 | Capatina, 2018 [106] | NR | NR | NR | 22/35: | 18/35 | NR | NR | NR | Yes (not specified) | NR |
| Defect 11/35, decrease 15/35, uni- or bilateral blindness 7/35 | |||||||||||
| 16 | Chamlin, 1955 [52] | NR | NR | NR | Loss of central VA 12/18 | Bitemporal hemianopia 18/18 | NR | Optic atrophy 14/18, papilledema 4/18 | Proptosis 1/18 | VF, optic discs, central VA (Snellen) and other ocular signs (extraocular muscle palsies, pupillary changes, involvement of NV, papilledema, proptosis, nystagmus) | As an indication of visual loss they took a very definite drop in VA (e.g. from a known 20/20 to 20/40 or less), or a reliable statement from the patient that his vision was definitely failing. |
| 17 | Chen, 2003 [6] | 16/17 | 15/17 | 13/17 | < 6/12: 6/17 (40%), ≥ 6/12: 10/17 (60%) | Bitemporal hemianopia 9/17, unilateral hemianiopia 1/17, homonymous hemianopia 1/17, normal VF 3/17, data NA 3/17 | Strabismus 3/17, RAPD 10/17 | Bilateral (optic) atrophy 10/17, bilateral papilledema 4/17 | NR | BCVA, Ishihara colour testing, RAPD, fundoscopy, cranial nerve examination, perimetry testing with Humphrey field analyser, Goldman perimetry or Bjerrum screen. | Normal if BCVA ≥ 6/12 |
| 18 | Cherninkova, [1990] [102] | NR | NR | NR | Reduced VA 32/46. Bilaterally reduced VA: under 0.1 6/50; over 0.1 17/50, amaurosis in one eye and reduced VA in the other 2/50, amaurosis in one eye and normal VA in the other 3/50, bilateral amaurosis 1/50, reduced VA in one eye and normal in the oter 3/50 | VF defects 21/31. Bitemporal hemianopia 5/31, amaurosis of one eye and temporal defect of the other eye 3/31, bilateral temporal narrowing of perimeters 5/31, homonymous hemianopia 2/31, bilateral concentric narrowing of the visual field 5/32, other defects 1/31 | Nystagmus 4/50, paresis of cranial nerve 6/50 | Optic nerve atrophy: unilateral 7/50, bilateral 19/50, congestive optic papilla 11/50 | NR | Ophthalmological examinations were performed by routine methods. In small children and patients in a serious condition a thorough study was not always possible. | NR |
| 19 | d’Avella, 2019 [91] | NR | 7/8 | NR | Left eye VA reduction 1/8 | Bitemporal hemianopia 3/8, bilateral superior quadrantopia 1/8, right temporal hemianopia 1/8 | NR | NR | Right amaurosis 1/8 | VA, computerized VF examination. | NR |
| 20 | Drimtzias, 2014 [72] | VA: 20/20 | 12/20 | 12/20 | 11/20: | 10/14: | NR | Optic atrophy 12/20, bilateral papilledema 6/20 | NR | BCVA (Logmar or Preferential Looking charts). VF with Goldmann perimetry | VA: normal (grade 8), mild-moderate visual loss (grade 5, 6, 7), severe visual loss (grade 1, 2, 3, 4). |
| VF: 14/20 | Mild-moderate 8/40 eyes, severe 13/40 eyes, normal 19/40 eyes | bitemporal hemianopia 5/14 | |||||||||
| 21 | Erşahin, 2005 [101] | NR | NR | NR | Blindness 13/87, visual disturbance and decreased VA 21/87 | 10/87 | Abducens paralysis 2/87, nystagmus 3/87, diplopia and squint 7/87 | Papilledema 5/87, optic atrophy 29/87 | NR | NR | NR |
| 22 | Fisher, 1998 [43] | NR | 19/30 | 19/30 | Loss of VA 17/30 | Loss of VF 14/30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 23 | Fouda, 2019 [63] | NR | 56/135 | 56/135 | Impaired VA 26/135 | Impaired VF 39/135 | NR | Papilledema 51/135 | NR | NR | NR |
| 24 | Gautier, 2012 [73] | 53/65 | 40/53 | 40/53 | Only reported together with VF 40/53 | Only reported together with VA 40/53 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Blindness: VA of 1/10 or less in both eyes. |
| 25 | Gerganov, 2014 [67] | NR | 1/1 | 1/1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Uniformly subjected preoperative ophthalmological assessment | NR |
| 26 | Goldenberg-Cohen, 2011 [83] | 3/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 3/4 | NR | Diplopia 1/4, esotropia 1/4, exotropia 1/4, mono-nystagmus 1/4 | Papilledema 1/4, optic atrophy 2/4, mild pallor 1/4 | NR | BCVA and a comprehensive neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation. | Severe visual loss was defined as counting fingers or less. |
| 27 | Gonc, 2004 [31] | 64/66 | 23/66 | NR | 20/64: | Bitemporal hemianopia 22/64 | Diplopia 3/66 | Optic atrophy 27/64, papilledema 26/64 | NR | NR | NR |
| Unilateral 14/64, bilateral 6/64 | |||||||||||
| 28 | Greenfield, 2015 [60] | NR | NR | 21/24 | VA and VF deficits 16/24, legally blind (BCVA <20/200) 1/24 | VA and VF deficits 16/24 | Diplopia 8/24 | NR | NR | NR: only at follow-up. | Legally blind if corrected VA <20/200 in the better eye. |
| 29 | Haghighatkhah, 2010 [104] | NR | NR | 2/5 | Visual loss 1/5, left eye blindness 1/5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 30 | Hakuba, 1985 [86] | NR | 1/3 | 1/3 | Failing vision 1/3 | Bitemporal hemianopia 1/3 | NR | Papilledema 2/3 | NR | NR | NR |
| 31 | Hoff, 1972 [37] | 12/16 | NR | 7/12 | NR | NR | NR | Papilledema 2/12, optic atrophy 7/12 | NR | Satisfactory eye examination in 12/16 children. | NR |
| 32 | Hoffman, 1977 [25] | NR | 47/48 | 47/48 | Significantly reduced unilaterally 17/48, significantly reduced bilaterally 11/48 | Hemianopia 33/48: bitemporal 25/48, homonymous 4/48, unilateral temporal 4/48 | Seesaw nystagmus 3/48 | Papilledema 13/48 | NR | NR | VA ≥ 20/40 bilaterally (mild visual loss); VA < 20/40 in one eye (moderate visual loss); VA < 20/40 bilaterally (severe visual loss). |
| 33 | Hoffman, 1992 [89] | NR | 29/50 | 29/50 | Decreased in one or both eyes 21/50, blind in one eye 4/50 | 19/50: | Diplopia 4/50, seesaw nystagmus 2/50 | NR | NR | No | NR |
| bitemporal hemianopia 8/50 | |||||||||||
| 34 | Hoffmann, 2015 [68] | 130/411 | 161/291 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 35 | Honegger, 1999 [26] | NR | 10/30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 36 | Hoogenhout, 1984 [93] | NR | 7/12 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Visual fields | NR |
| 37 | Im, 2003 [97] | NR | 5/6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 38 | Jane Jr., 2010 [64] | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4/11 | NR | NR | NR | Formal visual field testing for patients with visual complaints. | NR |
| 39 | Jung, 2010 [98] | NR | NR | 4/17 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Method used described by Fahlbusch and Schott to analyze ophthalmological findings (VA and VF). | NR |
| 40 | Karavitaki, 2005 [48] | 41/42 | NR | NR | Decreased 16/39 | 19/41 VF defects: bitemporal hemianopia 11/41 | NR | Papilledema 12/41, optic atrophy 2/41 | NR | NR | NR |
| 41 | Kennedy, 1975 [39] | VA 12/14, VF NR | NR | NR | Diminished vision 7/14 | 7/14 | Strabismus 5/14; rotatory nystagmus 1/14 | Optic atrophy 9/14, papilledema 6/14 | NR | VA, ocular movements, pupil reactions, ophthalmoscopy and VF testing using the Bjerrum screen. | NR |
| 42 | Kiran, 2008 [79] | 2/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 6/9 bilateral: 1/2 | NR | NR | Optic atrophy 1/2 | NR | VA, pupils and fundus examination | NR |
| 43 | Kramer, 1960 [38] | 6/6 | 3/6 | 3/6 | 2/6: | Bitemporal hemianopia 2/6, loss of right nasal field 1/6 | Right vertical and left rotatory nystagmus 1/6 | Papilledema 3/6, optic atrophy 3/6 | NR | Yes (not specified) | NR |
| 6/60: 1/6 | |||||||||||
| 44 | Lee, 2008 [108] | NR | 21/66: | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Intrasellar 15/27; third ventricular 6/39 | |||||||||||
| 45 | Lena, 2005 [24] | NR | 32/47 | 32/47 | Blindness: bilateral 2/47, unilateral 3/47 | Pure VF defect 3/47, VF defect and decreased VA 23/47 | NR | Papilledema 13/47 | NR | Yes (not uniformly performed on all patients due to young age and emergency presentation). | NR |
| 46 | Leng, 2012 [58] | NR | 1/3 | 1/3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Neuro-ophthalmological evaluation and formal visual field testing when possible. | NR |
| 47 | Merchant, 2002 [65] | NR | 17/30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 48 | Mohd-Ilham, 2019 [7] | 11/11 | 4/11 | 4/11 | BCVA ≥ 6/6-6/12: 13/22 eyes, BCVA 6/15-6/60: 3/22 eyes, BCVA < 6/60: 6/22 eyes | Temporal hemianopia 5/22 eyes: bilateral 2/22 eyes, unilateral 3/22 eyes; scotoma 3/22 eyes: central 2/22 eyes, inferior 1/22 eyes; quadrantanopia 2/22 eyes; constricted 1/22 eyes. VF is NA in 5 patients | Squint 2/11, diplopia 1/11, RAPD 7/11 | Optic atrophy 11/11, papilledema 2/11 | Color defect 4/11 | BCVA, VF (confrontational test or Humphrey visual field test), color vision, light brightness, RAPD, fundus examination and cranial nerves examination. | BCVA ≥ 6/12 (good) during presentation. Visual loss was defined as blurring of vision in both eyes. |
| 49 | Mottolese, 2001 [33] | NR | 2/20 | 2/20 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 50 | Nielsen, 2012 [103] | NR | NR | NR | Reduction 21/32, blindness 1/39 | Reduction 12/26 | NR | NR | Ophthalmoplegia 5/31 | VA and VF testing. | NR |
| 51 | Ohmori, 2007 [28] | NR | 15/27 (55%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | For 21 patients only initial outcome data is available. 6 patients underwent extensive outcome analysis, including ophthalmological testing. | NR |
| 52 | Ono, 1996 [87] | NR | NR | 15/19. Mean visual score at diagnosis 68.4. | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | VA and VF testing. Visual scores were assigned in order to evaluate visual functions digitally assessing both VA and VF (0–100 points). | NR |
| 53 | Pascual, 2018 [55] | NR | 35/35 | 35/35 | NR | NR | Diplopia 14/35, sixth nerve palsy 1/35 | NR | NR | Yes (not specified) | NR |
| 54 | Patel, 2017 [56] | NR | 7/10 | 7/10 | NR | NR | NR | Papilledema 1/10 | NR | NR | NR |
| 55 | Puget, 2007 [14] | NR | RS cohort: 30/66 | NR | Blindness 10/66 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| PS cohort: 14/22 | |||||||||||
| 56 | Qi, 2012 [77] | NR | Group A: 34/34 | 57/81 | Unilateral/bilateral blindness or light perception: | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Group B: 24/47 | |||||||||||
| - Group A: 12/34 | |||||||||||
| - Group B: 3/47. | |||||||||||
| 57 | Quon, 2019 [57] | NR | NR | 11/16 | Vision loss 4/16, blurry vision 2/16 | Bilateral hemianopia 1/16, bitemporal hemianopia 2/16; VF deficit 3/16 | NR | Papilledema 3/16, optic nerve compression 1/16 | Proptosis 1/16 | Complete work-up by an ophthalmologist when visual symptoms or signs were present. | NR |
| 58 | Rath, 2013 [96] | 10/10 | 4/10 | 7/10 | Mild VA deficit or field cut 4/10, unilateral blindness, homonymous hemianopia or bitemporal hemianopia 2/10, bilateral blindness or near functional blindness (unrelated) 1/10 | Mild VA deficit or field cut 4/10, unilateral blindness, homonymous hemianopia or bitemporal hemianopia 2/10, bilateral blindness or near functional 2 blindness (unrelated) 1/10 | Right exotropia 1/10 | Papilledema 1/10 | NR | NR | 1) Normal acuity and fields (3/10); 2) Mild acuity deficit or field cut (4/10); 3) Unilateral blindness, homonymous hemianopia or bitemporal hemianopia (2/10); 4) Bilateral blindness or near functional blindness. (1/10) |
| 59 | Richmond, 1980 [61] | NR | 9/21 | NR | Decreased VA: bilateral 2/21, unilateral 7/21 (3 blind). Unilateral blind 3/21. | 12/21 (3 of them had a combination of two findings). Temporal: unilateral 4/21; bilateral 3/21, homonymous 4/21, scotoma 1/21 | NR | Optic atrophy: unilateral 2/21; bilateral 5/21, papilledema 2/21 | NR | Yes (not further specified) | NR |
| 60 | Salunke, 2016 [80] | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2: | Bitemporal hemianopia 2/2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 6/18: 2/4 eyes, 6/24: 1/4 eyes, PL plus 1/4 eyes | |||||||||||
| 61 | Sankhla, 2015 [27] | NR | 3/6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 62 | Shammari, 2012 [100] | NR | 2/2 | 1/2 | NR | NR | Rotatory nystagmus 1/2, horizontal pendular nystagmus 1/2 | Temporal disc pallor both eyes 2/2 | NR | Ophthalmic records were reviewed. | NR |
| 63 | Shi, 2017 [78] | NR | NR | 99/348 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 64 | Sogg, 1977 [109] | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2: | Bitemporal hemianopia 2/2 | NR | Papilledema 1/2, optic pallor 1/2 | NR | VA and VF testing (red test and large white test objects; Goldmann perimetry), fundoscopy. | NR |
| 20/100: 1/4 eyes, 20/50: 1/4 eyes, 20/400: 1/4 eyes, 20/200: 1/4 eyes | |||||||||||
| 65 | Stahnke, 1984 [29] | NR | 12/28 | 24/28 | Decreased VA 11/28 | VF defect 16/28 | NR | Optic atrophy 11/28, papilledema 4/28 | NR | Ophthalmological examination. | NR |
| 66 | Suharwardy, 1997 [9] | 5/5 | 1/5 | 5/5 | 6/24 2/10 eyes, NPL 1/10 eyes, 6/12 2/10 eyes, 6/9 1/10 eyes, 6/6 2/10 eyes, 1/60 1/10 eyes, HM 1/10 eyes | VF in the better eye: | RAPD 5/5 | Bilateral optic atrophy 1/5, papilledema 2/5, left disc pallor 1/5, bilateral disc pallor 1/5 | NR | A full ophthalmological examination including VA and VF testing (in most cases possible with a Snellen chart and Goldmann field respectively), optic discs, colour vision and pupil responses. | NR |
| temporal defect 1/5, bitemporal hemianopia 1/5, asymmetric binasal loss with enlarged blind spots 1/5, right probable temporal loss 1/5, left supero-temporal loss 1/5 | |||||||||||
| 67 | Synowitz, 1977 [69] | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | Fingerzahlen right/1 m and Handbewegung left/50 cm (1/3), LP (1/3), NR (1/3) | NR | Nystagmus 2/3 | Optic atrophy 2/3, papilledema 2/3 | NR | Yes (not further specified) | NR |
| 68 | Tamasauskas, 2014 [105] | 7/9 | 4/9 | 4/9 | RE = LE = 5/10: 1, RE = 1 and LE = 1/1000: 1 | Bitemporal hemianopia 2/9, homonymous hemianopia 1/9 | NR | NR | NR | VA and VF testing before surgery and after surgery. | NR |
| 69 | Tan, 2017 [42] | 136/185 | 90/136 | 90/136 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | VA and VF were assessed by experienced ophthalmologists. Children unable to cooperate were given a score based on visual evoked potentials. | NR |
| 70 | Taphoorn, 2002 [94] | 3/3 | 1/3 | 3/3 | Decreased VA 1/3 | Bitemporal hemianopia 1/3, partial homonymous hemianopia 2/3 | Diplopia 1/3 | Papilledema 2/3 | NR | NR | NR |
| 71 | Taylor, 2012 [74] | NR | 27/56 | NR | Reduced VA | NR | Strabismus, nystagmus | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 72 | Thomsett, 1980 [32] | NR | 15/42 | 15/42 | Decreased VA 14/33 | VF defect 13/32 | Cranial nerve palsy 12/42 | Optic atrophy 11/29, papilledema 9/42 | NR | NR | NR |
| 73 | Tomita, 2005 [66] | NR | 23/54 | 23/54 | Decreased VA 13/54: monocular 10, binocular 11. | VF defect 2/54 | Diplopia 3/54, strabismus 2/54 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 74 | Villani, 1997 [92] | NR | 16/27 | 16/27 | Decreased VA 16/27 | 11/27 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 75 | Vries de, 2003 [85] | NR | 8/36 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 76 | Wan, 2018 [10] | 59/59 | 18/59 | 25/59 | Visual impairment in at least 1 eye 25/59, binocular visual impairment 16/59, legally blind in both eyes 4/59 | NR | Diplopia or strabismus 7/59 | Optic nerve edema 25/59, optic nerve pallor 24/59 | NR | VA (preferential looking if vision too poor or pre-verbal) and VF testing (automated Humphrey, dynamic Goldmann or confrontation), fundoscopy. | Visual decline: defined as a move from a higher to lower category of visual function in 1 or 2 eyes. Visual outcomes were grouped normal, impaired and legally blind. |
| 77 | Weiss, 1989 [59] | NR | 24/31 | 24/31 | VA and/or VF 19/31 | VA and/or VF 19/31 | Sixth nerve deficit 4/31: unilateral 2, bilateral 2 | Asymptomatic papilledema or optic atrophy 5/31 | NR | NR | NR |
| 78 | Wijnen, 2017 [95] | VA: 46/63 | NR | NR | 33/46 | 23/39 | NR | NR | NR | VA was determined after correction for refraction disorders. Goldmann perimetry for VF testing. | NR |
| VF: 39/63 | |||||||||||
| 79 | Winkfield, 2011 [34] | NR | 46/79 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Papilledema 25/76 | NR | NR | NR |
| 80 | Yamada, 2018 [88] | 42/45 (3 patients could not be assessed due to their young age) | 12/45 | 28/42 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Yes (except the youngest in whom testing was difficult): VA and VF testing before and 2 weeks after surgery. | NR |
| 81 | Yano, 2016 [19] | NR | 14/26 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 82 | Yu., 2015 [46] | 14/15 | NR | 13/15 | Decreased vision 13/14 | NR | Cranial nerve palsy 3/15 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 83 | Zhang, 2008 [30] | NR | NR | 113/202 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 84 | Zhou, 2009 [75] | NR | 4/5 | 1/5 | NR | Hemianopia 1/5 | Diplopia 1/5, bidiplopia 1/5, dilated pupil on the left 2/5 | Bipapilledema 3/5 | NR | NR | NR |
Studies in italics indicate studies retrieved by reference screening.
BCVA = best corrected visual acuity. GKSR: gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery. HM = hand motion. NA: not available. NPL = no perception of light. NR: not reported. OU = both eyes.
PL = perception of light. P-32: phosphorus-32. VA: visual acuity. VF: visual field. VI: visual impairment.