Table 2.

Candidate biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma early detection

Biomarker	Phase of Development	Early Detection Performance	AUROC for early detection
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)(20-25)	5	Sensitivity: 39-64% Specificity: 76%-97%	0.75-0.82
Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3)(20,33)	2/3	Sensitivity: 49-62% Specificity: 90%	0.66-0.76
Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP)(20,33)	2/3	Sensitivity: 34-40% Specificity: 81-98%	0.72
Osteopontin(38,40,41)	2	Sensitivity: 49% Specificity: 72%	0.73
Midikine(44)	2/3	Sensitivity: 87% Specificity: 90%	0.923
Dikkopf-1(45,46)	2	Sensitivity: 41%-74% Specificity: 87%	0.61-0.88
Glypican-3(50-52)	2	Sensitivity: 55% Specificity: >95%	0.793
Alpha-1 fucosidase(53)	2	Sensitivity: 56% Specificity: 69%	0.506
Golgi Protein-73(58,59)	2	Sensitivity: 62%-79% Specificity: 62%-88%	Not available
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)(60-63)	2	Data for early stage HCC not available	Data for early stage HCC not available