TABLE 2.
Multivariable-adjusted associations of prediagnostic vitamin D status with CRC-specific and all-cause mortality among all CRC cases and according to vitamin D-binding protein (GC) isoform, assuming a dominant inheritance model, in the EPIC and CPS-II cohorts combined (n = 1281)
| Circulating 25(OH)D concentrations | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50 nmol/L (sufficient) | 30 to <50 nmol/L (insufficient) | <30 nmol/L (deficient) | |||||||||
| Outcome and GC strata | No. total | No. died | HR (95% CI)c | No. total | No. died | HR (95% CI)c | No. total | No. died | HR (95% CI)c | Ptrenda | Pinteractionb |
| CRC-specific mortality | |||||||||||
| All CRC cases | 322 | 106 | 1.00 (Ref) | 593 | 241 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 366 | 136 | 1.33 (1.03–1.72) | .02 | |
| No Gc2 (GC rs4588*CC) | 187 | 72 | 1.00 (Ref) | 309 | 114 | 1.11 (0.78–1.57) | 164 | 70 | 0.94 (0.68–1.22) | .69 | |
| Gc2 (GC rs4588*CA or AA) | 135 | 34 | 1.00 (Ref) | 284 | 127 | 1.29 (0.81–2.06) | 202 | 66 | 2.24 (1.44–3.49) | <.0001 | .0002 |
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||
| All CRC cases | 322 | 146 | 1.00 (Ref) | 593 | 301 | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | 366 | 188 | 1.36 (1.09–1.70) | .005 | |
| No Gc2 (GC rs4588*CC) | 187 | 93 | 1.00 (Ref) | 309 | 148 | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) | 164 | 93 | 1.12 (0.84–1.51) | .49 | |
| Gc2 (GC rs4588*CA or AA) | 135 | 53 | 1.00 (Ref) | 284 | 153 | 1.09 (0.75–1.61) | 202 | 95 | 1.80 (1.24–2.60) | .0002 | .004 |
Note: According to the Institute of Medicine 2011 recommendations.
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CI, confidence interval; CPS-II, Cancer Prevention Study-II; CRC, colorectal cancer; GC, vitamin D-binding protein; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR, hazard ratio.
Ptrend calculated by using vitamin D status as a continuous variable in the model.
Pinteraction between vitamin D status and GC isoform calculated using a likelihood ratio test.
From multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for year of diagnosis (continuous), sex, tumor site (colon, rectum, missing/not specified), BMI (continuous), physical activity (Quartiles 1–4, missing), smoking status (never, former, current, missing) and stage (I-IV, missing/not specified), and stratified by country.