Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study sample.
| Variables | N | Mean ± SE | n (%) | Median | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 212 | 23.69 ± 5.67 | 22.25 | 15.00 – 42.00 | |
| Parity before delivery of the child | 212 | 1.97 ± 1.79 | 2.00 | 0.00 – 8.00 | |
| Pre-pregnancy maternal weight (kg) | 175 | 59.47 ± 10.24 | 58.10 | 41.50 – 108.00 | |
| Maternal height (cm) | 159 | 154.51 ± 5.09 | 153.90 | 144.10 – 170.80 | |
| Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI (kg/m2) a | 128 | 25.24 ± 3.50 | 24.61 | 17.20 – 37.04 | |
| Normal | 75 (58.59) | ||||
| Overweight | 37 (28.91) | ||||
| Obese | 16 (12.50) | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy (% yes) | 206 | 177 (85.92) | |||
| Alcohol use during pregnancy (% yes) | 184 | 100 (54.35) | |||
| Birth characteristics | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 212 | 39.20 ± 1.44 | 39.00 | 36.00 – 44.00 | |
| Sex (% girls) | 212 | 118 (55.66) | |||
| Birth weight (kg) | 212 | 3.48 ± 0.46 | 3.50 | 2.44 – 4.74 | |
| Birth length (cm) | 211 | 51.11 ± 2.29 | 51.00 | 45.00 – 65.00 | |
| Breastfeeding status | 203 | ||||
| None | 52 (25.62) | ||||
| 0 < 3 months | 36 (17.73) | ||||
| 3 < 6 months | 24 (11.82) | ||||
| ≥6 months | 91 (44.83) | ||||
| Cord blood PCB 153 (μg/L)b | 205 | 0.22 (2.11) | 0.22 | 0.04 – 2.42 | |
| Cord blood lead (μg/dL)b | 204 | 3.80 (1.84) | 3.73 | 0.83 – 17.80 | |
| Cord blood mercury (μg/dL)b | 204 | 1.52 (2.15) | 1.53 | 0.18 – 9.93 | |
| Cord blood total lipids (g/L) | 205 | 2.59 (0.82) | 2.49 | 1.59 – 4.40 | |
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 212 | 11.34 ± 0.71 | 11.37 | 9.32–14.00 | |
| Blood PCB 153 (μg/L)b | 209 | 0.25 (2.57) | 0.23 | 0.02 – 3.40 | |
| Blood lead (μg/dL)b | 210 | 2.34 (1.86) | 2.07 | 0.54 – 12.80 | |
| Blood total lipids (g/L) | 209 | 5.08 (0.18) | 5.00 | 3.00 – 9.70 | |
| Height (cm) | 208 | 141.6 ± 7.33 | 141.00 | 126.20 – 167.75 | |
| Weight (kg) | 208 | 39.99 ± 10.15 | 37.40 | 27.65 – 88.10 | |
| BMI z-score | 208 | 0.78 ± 0.87 | 0.67 | −1.11 – 4.16 | |
| Adolescent characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 212 | 18.47 ± 1.11 | 18.48 | 16.01 – 21.88 | |
| Socioeconomic status of principal providerc | 207 | 28.59 ± 13.01 | 28.00 | 8.00 – 61.00 | |
| Food security status e | 201 | ||||
| Food secure | 37 (18.41) | ||||
| Moderate food insecurity | 88 (43.78) | ||||
| Severe food insecurity | 76 (37.81) | ||||
| Height (cm) | 209 | 162.24 ± 7.75 | 162.00 | 145.00 – 187.00 | |
| Weight (kg) | 209 | 62.55 ± 11.74 | 60.50 | 39.20 – 121.90 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 209 | 23.74 ± 3.94 | 23.00 | 17.00 – 48.80 | |
| Normal | 152 (72.73) | ||||
| Overweight | 43 (20.57) | ||||
| Obese | 14 (6.70) | ||||
| Body fat (%) | 209 | 20.57 ± 9.53 | 19.20 | 4.60 – 48.40 | |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 209 | 49.27 ± 8.09 | 47.20 | 36.70 – 82.60 | |
| Fat mass (kg) | 209 | 13.38 ± 8.39 | 11.10 | 2.10 – 57.30 | |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 209 | 5.17 ± 8.39 | 4.22 | 0.84 – 22.95 | |
| Fat free mass index (kg/m2) | 209 | 18.61 ± 1.86 | 18.33 | 15.01 – 26.41 | |
| Blood PCB 153 (μg/L) b | 211 | 0.18 (2.49) | 0.18 | 0.02 – 1.90 | |
| Blood lead (μg/dL) b | 212 | 1.63 (2.00) | 1.52 | 0.35 – 18.13 | |
| Blood total lipids (g/L) | 211 | 5.10 (0.96) | 4.90 | 2.90 – 8.10 | |
d Either married, in relationship or cohabited with a partner.
a
The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI (WHO, 2011).
b
Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation).
c
Assessed on the Hollingshead Index (2011).
e
Based on Health Canada criteria: food security (score <2), moderate food insecurity (2≥ score <6) and severe food insecurity (score ≥6; Health Canada, 2007; USDA, 2006)