Fig. 3 |. Associations between bee community composition, diversity and parasite prevalence through time.

a, Relative abundance of each bee genus, and b, contributions from each genus to overall parasite prevalence in the community throughout the season. A gradual turnover in the community was observed from Ceratina, Lasioglossum and other unspecified genera early in the season, to Apis and Bombus later on. As Apis and Bombus exhibited higher parasite prevalence than other genera, this drove the observed increase in overall prevalence over time. c, Temporal trends in bee diversity (Shannon index), with rarefaction (subsample size = 36, see Methods) and without rarefaction (N/A), and d, association between parasite prevalence and rarefied Shannon index. The rarefied Shannon index decreased from weeks 6 to 23, while parasite prevalence also showed a negative association with Shannon index. Both observations are consistent with the increase in parasite prevalence over time. For b and d, the prevalence shown is that of all four parasite species and neogregarines combined as a single parasite group. Error bars are 95% Sison-Glaz multinomial confidence intervals in a, and 95% Clopper-Pearson binomial confidence intervals in b and d.