Table 3.
Associations between anthropometric measures and low- and high-grade prostate cancer in the Ghana Prostate Study
| Gleason ≤7 | Gleason ≥8 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusteda | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusteda | p-heterogeneity | ||||||||
| Controls (n=964) | Cases (n=443) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | Cases (n=199) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| per 5kg/m2 increase | -- | -- | 1.60 | (1.36, 1.89) | 1.43 | (1.14, 1.79) | -- | 1.11 | (0.90, 1.36) | 1.01 | (0.76, 1.33) | <0.01 |
| <25 | 571 | 155 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 117 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | <0.01 |
| 25-<30 | 292 | 136 | 1.80 | (1.33, 2.44) | 1.38 | (0.92, 2.09) | 46 | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.22) | 0.66 | (0.40, 1.10) | |
| ≥30 | 82 | 47 | 2.69 | (1.72, 4.21) | 2.36 | (1.32, 4.21) | 20 | 1.58 | (0.89, 2.81) | 1.51 | (0.73, 3.12) | |
| Height (cm) | ||||||||||||
| per 5cm increase | -- | -- | 0.95 | (0.86, 1.05) | 0.94 | (0.82, 1.08) | -- | 0.97 | (0.86, 1.11) | 0.97 | (0.82, 1.14) | 0.57 |
| <164 | 259 | 107 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 58 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.78 |
| 164-<168.5 | 239 | 96 | 1.25 | (0.86, 1.79) | 1.14 | (0.70, 1.87) | 49 | 1.19 | (0.75, 1.88) | 1.15 | (0.64, 2.08) | |
| 168.5-<173 | 223 | 84 | 1.24 | (0.85, 1.81) | 1.40 | (0.84, 2.32) | 45 | 1.24 | (0.78, 1.99) | 1.43 | (0.78, 2.62) | |
| ≥173 | 224 | 51 | 0.92 | (0.66, 1.84) | 0.86 | (0.50, 1.50) | 31 | 1.10 | (0.66, 1.84) | 1.15 | (0.60, 2.21) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||||||||
| per 5cm increase | -- | -- | 1.19 | (1.12, 1.26) | 1.12 | (1.03, 1.22) | -- | 1.11 | (1.03, 1.20) | 1.07 | (0.96, 1.18) | 0.29 |
| ≤94 | 750 | 207 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 122 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.83 |
| >94 | 213 | 131 | 2.34 | (1.73, 3.15) | 1.95 | (1.31, 2.91) | 64 | 1.98 | (1.36, 2.87) | 1.87 | (1.16, 3.01) | |
| Waist-hip ratio | ||||||||||||
| ≤0.9 | 282 | 57 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 32 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.98 |
| >0.9 | 680 | 281 | 1.78 | (1.26, 2.52) | 1.77 | (1.11, 2.82) | 154 | 1.73 | (1.11, 2.67) | 1.76 | (1.01, 3.07) | |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index
a
Adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, insurance status, smoking status, occupation
b
Extreme outliers excluded (i.e. observations more than 3*IQR above Q3 or below Q1)
c
Cutpoints are based on the quartiles of the height distribution of controls