TABLE 1.
Demographic of the study populations.
|
Exploration cohort |
Validation cohort |
|||||
| EP | HC | P-value | EP | HC | P-value | |
| No. of patient | 55 | 46 | 13 | 10 | ||
| Sex (F/M) | 28/27 | 24/22 | 0.94a | 7/6 | 5/5 | 1a |
| Age (year)d | 26.33 ± 12.05 | 28.5 ± 4.27 | 0.26b | 32.96 ± 3.69 | 28.7 ± 2.15 | 0.54b |
| Weight (kg)d | 55.06 ± 10.65 | 55.17 ± 6.62 | 0.97b | 60.63 ± 9.65 | 63.24 ± 6.48 | 0.66b |
| Height (m)d | 1.60 ± 0.11 | 1.63 ± 0.07 | 0.41b | 1.65 ± 0.95 | 1.61 ± 0.36 | 0.87b |
| BMI (kg/m2)d | 21.33 ± 2.72 | 20.76 ± 1.19 | 0.23b | 22.01 ± 1.71 | 21.86 ± 2.12 | 0.82b |
| SBp (mmHg)d | 117 ± 13.72 | 112 ± 8.55 | 0.64b | 109 ± 9.11 | 119 ± 13.67 | 0.44b |
| DBp (mmHg)d | 76.8 ± 11.13 | 75 ± 8.82 | 0.33b | 71.2 ± 14.22 | 73 ± 6.72 | 0.07b |
| Age of onset (year)d | 18.34 ± 11.89 | 0 | 14.17 ± 6.89 | 0 | ||
| Medication duration | ||||||
| ≤ 1 year | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| >1 year | 51 | 0 | 11 | 0 | ||
| Seizure frequency | ||||||
| ≤ 4/year | 23 | 0 | 8 | 0 | ||
| >4/year | 32 | 0 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Medication | ||||||
| Valproate | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 21 | 0 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | 16 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Topiramate | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Phenobarbital | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Seizure type | ||||||
| Focal onset | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Generalized onset | 36 | 0 | 9 | 0 | ||
| Unknown onset | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Response to the drug | ||||||
| DRE | 30 | 0 | 8 | 0 | ||
| DSE | 25 | 0 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Nutrients | ||||||
| Energy (kcal)d | 2476.33 ± 51.31 | 2349.11 ± 44.37 | 0.48c | 2297.33 ± 79.55 | 2322 ± 60.77 | 0.19c |
| Protein(g)d | 100.26 ± 20.52 | 103.66 ± 9.03 | 0.68c | 95.31 ± 11.07 | 90.22 ± 17.85 | 0.48c |
| Fat (g)d | 48.72 ± 9.11 | 56.47 ± 14.09 | 0.71c | 54.32 ± 6.63 | 53.15 ± 8.80 | 0.91c |
| Carbohydrate (g)d | 386.00 ± 30.14 | 320.11 ± 40.97 | 0.06c | 366.08 ± 24.33 | 334.46 ± 30.96 | 0.35c |
| Fiber (g)d | 25.26 ± 4.31 | 24.92 ± 3.37 | 0.34c | 24.22 ± 7.05 | 25.19 ± 7.73 | 0.40c |
| Cholesterol (mg)d | 402.33 ± 77.03 | 490.66 ± 74.03 | 0.82c | 446.51 ± 63.09 | 497.66 ± 90.03 | 0.30c |
| VitaminA (ug/RE)d | 471.30 ± 113.51 | 535.57 ± 212.23 | 0.15c | 488.31 ± 17.98 | 500.10 ± 30.66 | 0.08c |
| Thiamine (mg)d | 1.83 ± 0.77 | 1.71 ± 1.99 | 0.15c | 1.69 ± 0.47 | 1.55 ± 1.03 | 0.32c |
| Riboflavin (mg)d | 1.14 ± 0.52 | 1.33 ± 0.21 | 0.89c | 1.49 ± 0.24 | 1.20 ± 0.51 | 0.28c |
| Vitamin B6 (mg)d | 0.47 ± 0.34 | 0.41 ± 0.35 | 0.51c | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.41 ± 0.35 | 0.51c |
| Vitamin B12 (ug)d | 0.44 ± 0.89 | 0.34 ± 0.91 | 0.43c | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.10c |
| Folvite (ug)d | 450.80 ± 90.34 | 500.90 ± 106.14 | 0.06c | 516.33 ± 77.12 | 600.07 ± 80.11 | 0.61c |
| Niacin (mg)d | 16.14 ± 2.02 | 17.33 ± 4.40 | 0.87c | 17.99 ± 2.60 | 16.71 ± 6.19 | 0.70c |
| Vitamin C (mg)d | 201.90 ± 90.33 | 186.91 ± 73.12 | 0.44c | 180.30 ± 40.93 | 178.66 ± 33.63 | 0.94c |
| Vitamin E (mg)d | 34.05 ± 4.91 | 46.36 ± 10.11 | 0.63c | 39.14 ± 4.69 | 44.01 ± 6.69 | 0.14c |
| Ca (mg)d | 810.10 ± 92.21 | 1003.14 ± 80.40 | 0.67c | 990.10 ± 63.43 | 1120.10 ± 96.88 | 0.17c |
| P (mg)d | 1673.20 ± 49.79 | 1584.00 ± 94.74 | 0.73c | 1573.21 ± 80.41 | 1584.00 ± 76.66 | 0.63c |
| K (mg)d | 2182.71 ± 77.14 | 2536.14 ± 72.71 | 0.35c | 2661.83 ± 82.29 | 2634.14 ± 92.71 | 0.10c |
| Na (mg)d | 1576.88 ± 41.82 | 1799.31 ± 90.13 | 0.79c | 1856.71 ± 82.41 | 1602.19 ± 40.61 | 0.09c |
| Mg (mg)d | 399.47 ± 96.83 | 492.71 ± 71.99 | 0.17c | 463.12 ± 74.55 | 500.31 ± 60.52 | 0.22c |
| Fe (mg)d | 27.10 ± 8.66 | 25.10 ± 6.74 | 0.09c | 26.06 ± 6.45 | 27.84 ± 1.47 | 0.43c |
| Zn (mg)d | 17.33 ± 1.18 | 16.94 ± 1.00 | 0.39c | 18.71 ± 0.99 | 16.62 ± 1.18 | 0.92c |
| Se (ug)d | 74.33 ± 1.34 | 73.15 ± 2.71 | 0.53c | 68.19 ± 6.55 | 70.01 ± 6.16 | 0.11c |
| Cu (mg)d | 3.01 ± 1.96 | 1.95 ± 0.72 | 0.77c | 3.36 ± 1.84 | 2.45 ± 1.32 | 0.47c |
| Mn (mg)d | 8.35 ± 1.42 | 7.12 ± 1.93 | 0.51c | 9.01 ± 0.39 | 8.14 ± 1.11 | 0.84c |
| I (mg)d | 136.78 ± 19.41 | 141.95 ± 26.11 | 0.45c | 128.29 ± 17.64 | 149.67 ± 26.74 | 0.64c |
| Vitamin D (ug)d | 2.90 ± 0.84 | 2.62 ± 0.16 | 0.94c | 2.71 ± 1.32 | 2.79 ± 0.70 | 0.42c |
1χ2−test. bStudent’s t-test. cANOVA was used to compare the means of each nutrient between the four groups and post hoc tests. dMeasurement data are expressed as the mean ± SD according to the normality of distribution. EP, patients with epilepsy; HC, healthy spouse-matched control; BMI, body mass index; SBp, systolic blood pressure; DBp, diastolic blood pressure; EEG, electroencephalogram; AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; DRE, drug-resistant epilepsy; DSE, drug-sensitive epilepsy.