FIGURE 3.

CAR-T cells approach to treating cancer. T cells were firstly isolated either from the patient itself or HLA matched donor through apheresis. Next, the cells were cultured and a genetically modified chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) was inserted into it and these T cells are now known as CAR-T cells. This modification is necessary to enhance T cells’ ability to recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as CD19 and avoid the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) restriction recognition on the cancer cell. Upon binding, FAS ligand (FASL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) promotes cytotoxicity by releasing effector cytokines and lead to cancer cell apoptosis.